Midterm Review Flashcards
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What is the principle of proximal control in development?
Child develops control in proximal body parts (e.g., shoulders, hips) before distal ones (e.g., hands, feet).
What is the principle of head control in development?
Cephalic (head) control precedes caudal (feet/legs) control.
What is the principle of medial control in development?
Control develops first in the central or medial parts of the body before the sides.
What is mobility in the Rood approach?
Movement is initiated and maintained.
What is stability in the Rood approach?
The body learns to hold positions.
What is controlled mobility in the Rood approach?
Moving within a stable position, e.g., weight shifting in quadruped.
What is skill in the Rood approach?
Coordinated movement that requires stability, e.g., walking.
What is the prone progression in development?
Prone lying → Prone on elbows (3-4 months) → Prone on hands (5 months) → Quadruped (7-8 months) → Crawling (7-9 months) → Creeping (9-11 months).
What is the supine progression in development?
Supine lying → Hands to knees/feet (5 months) → Pull to sit (no head lag at 4 months).
What is the rolling progression in development?
Begins with non-segmental (log) rolling and progresses to segmental rolling at 5-6 months.
What is the sitting progression in development?
Supported sitting at 4 months → Propped sitting at 5 months → Ring sitting at 6 months.
What is the standing progression in development?
Supported standing → Pull to stand (7-9 months) → Independent standing (9-10 months) → Cruising.
What is W sitting?
Creates a wide base of support but limits trunk rotation and can contribute to orthopedic issues.
What is the fine motor milestone at 4 months?
Hands come together to midline.
What is the fine motor milestone at 6 months?
Transfers objects from hand to hand.
What is the fine motor milestone at 9-10 months?
Begins to hold a bottle.
What is the fine motor milestone at 9-12 months?
Pincer grasp develops.
What is the visual development milestone at 1 month?
Begins to hold eye contact.
What is the visual development milestone at 3 months?
Can track objects and focus.
What is the visual development milestone at 4 months?
Full range of colors perceived.
What is the visual development milestone at 7 months?
Vision is fully mature.
What motor skills develop at age 2?
Non-reciprocal stair climbing begins, running, jumps with two feet.
What motor skills develop at age 3?
Rides a tricycle, stands on one foot for 5 seconds, ascends stairs with reciprocal pattern.
What motor skills develop at age 4?
Hops on one foot 5x, gallops 10 feet, catches small ball from 5 feet away.
What motor skills develop at age 5?
Skips, completes 5 sit-ups, catches ball with hands only.
What motor skills develop at age 6?
Completes 8 push-ups, walks forward, backward, and sideways on a beam.
What is POE in infant development?
Requires stabilization of the pelvis and head lifting with weight-bearing through the forearms.
What is POH in infant development?
The infant begins pushing through extended arms. Weight is borne through the hands.
What is pivoting in prone locomotion?
Coordinated movements of the upper and lower extremities along with lateral trunk flexion allow the child to pivot in prone.
What is scooting in prone locomotion?
The infant uses the arms to pull forward while the legs may drag behind.
What is crawling in prone locomotion?
Also known as army crawling where movement is dominated by the arms.
What is creeping in prone locomotion?
Involves hands and knees crawling with reciprocal limb activation and dissociation of the trunk from the extremities.
What is ATNR in supine development?
Present at birth, ATNR causes the infant to extend the arm and leg on the side to which the head is turned while flexing the opposite side.
What is pull to sit in supine development?
By 4 months, there should be no head lag as the cervical and trunk flexors are now engaged.
What muscles are activated for hands to feet in supine development?
Activates the abdominal muscles, pecs, and serratus anterior.
What is non-segmental rolling?
The head, trunk, and pelvis move together as a single unit.
What is segmental rolling?
Involves intra-axial rotation where the head, upper body, and lower body can move independently.
What is prop sitting?
The infant begins using their arms to prop themselves up.
What is ring sitting?
The infant relies less on the upper extremities for support.
What is cruising?
The child walks sideways while holding onto furniture.
What is independent standing in infant development?
Upper extremities are often in a high guard position (arms up) while the legs are in external rotation.
What is early walking like in infant development?
Wide base of support, arms in high guard, and typically a lack of heel strike.
What are the motor development goals of stepping stones to walking?
Control of the body against gravity, maintaining center of mass within the base of support, and intersegmental isolation.
What is proximal to distal development?
Start with proximal stability before progressing to distal movements.
What is facilitation for prone on elbows?
Cervical extension and weight-bearing through the forearms.
What is facilitation for prone on hands?
Upper extremity weight-bearing with elbow extension.
What are the benefits of quadruped and creeping?
Strengthens proximal control at the hips, shoulders, and trunk.
What is hands to midline development?
Aids in trunk stabilization and coordination of both hands.
What is hands to feet development?
Activates core muscles and promotes body awareness.
What is the neck righting reflex?
Facilitates non-segmental rolling.
What is the body righting reflex?
Facilitates segmental rolling.
What is the automatic stepping reflex?
Infant shows a stepping motion when placed in an upright position.
What is abasia and astasia?
Refers to periods of instability where the infant is not ready to walk.
What are the standing strategies for infants?
Positive support reflex, pull-to-stand.
What is the walking progression in infants?
Wide base of support, arms in high guard, foot contact with flat feet.
What is TJC accreditation?
The Joint Commission accredits hospitals for quality and safety.
What is CARF accreditation?
Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities accredits rehab programs.
What are the goals of acute care for children?
Focuses on stabilizing the child medically and preventing loss of function.
What is the PT’s role in acute care?
Maintaining function and preventing further decline during hospitalization.
What are common lines and devices in acute care?
IV lines, catheters, feeding tubes, etc.
What are pain assessments and treatments in acute care?
Pain assessments like FLACC and treatment through positioning.
What are the transition/discharge considerations in acute care?
Discharge planning, involving family and community resources.
What are the goals of inpatient rehab for children?
Maximizing recovery through intensive multidisciplinary care.
What tests are used in inpatient rehab?
Tests like the FIM, cognitive assessments, and balance tests.
What is the discharge criteria for inpatient rehab?
Achieving functional independence.
What is outpatient/day rehab?
Less intensive therapy focused on specific activity limitations.
What are considerations for outpatient/day rehab?
Scheduling, transportation, and insurance considerations.
