Test 2 Prep Flashcards
What is Atropine/what is its moa?
muscarinic receptor antagonist –> blocks too much parasympathetic effect
used to treat bradycardia and some AV blocks
What parasympathetic receptors are located in the heart?
M2 mainly - reduces atrial rate and slows AV conduction
What is propranolol?
B adrenergic antagonist –> will inhibit sympathetic stimulation in heart and slow hr
What K channels are responsible for stage 4 of the action potential?
Kc and Kb
How long should a QRS complex be?
0.05 - 0.10 sec
How long should a Q wave be?
no more than 0.03 (less than 1 box)
What ANS receptor is responsible for dilating pupils?
alpha 1 adrenergic
What ANS receptor is responsible for ciliary muscle contraction for farsight?
beta 1 adrenergic
What type of receptor is on a chromaffin cell? What happens when it is stimulated?
nicotinic ACh receptor
Ach binds –> epi, NE, and DA –> to adrenergic receptors throughout body
What ANS receptor causes bronchodilation?
beta2 adrenergic receptor
In the lungs, what ANS receptors are responsible for secretion?
alpha = decreased secretion beta = increased secretion
What ANS receptor is responsible for decreasing insulin release?
alpha 2 adrenergic
What ANS receptor is responsible for relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle?
alpha 1 adrenergic
What cranial nerve is the carotid sinus n?
CN 9
What cranial nerve is the aortic nerve?
CNX (vagus N)
What is an afferent path?
from body, back to CNS
Afferent goes bAck
What is an efferent path?
from cns –> to body/pns
What is angiotensin II’s effect on the body?
increased aldosterone
increased ADH
global vasoconstriction
What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
renin
What is the order of products to turn G3P into a TAG?
G3P –> lysophosphatidic acid –> phosphatidic acid –> DAG –> TAG
What enzyme is the target of statins?
HMG CoA reductase
What would happen to the pressure-volume loop with increased preload?
increases on the right side only
What would happen to the pressure-volume loop with increased afterload?
becomes taller
What would happen to the pressure-volume loop with increased contractility?
becomes taller and wider to the left
Which cardiac enzyme is the best marker of a new MI?
CK-MB
What causes renin secretion?
B1 adrenergic stimulation on juxtaglomerular cells
What receptors respond to hyperosmolarity of the blood?
V1 and V2 –> vasopressin/ADH
what ANS receptor is responsible for increased K+ uptake into cells?
Beta 2
How does digoxin interact w/ ANS receptors?
indirectly stimulates M2 receptors in the heart
What is an undulating baseline on EKG a key sign of?
Atrial fibrillation
What is aspirin used for in relation to heart disease?
aspirin is a COX inhibitor –> prevents formation of thromboxane A2 –> prevents further occlusion of arteries
How would aortic stenosis affect the pressure-volume loop?
would increase afterload –> increase the height
end up decreasing contractility
What does BNP do?
arteriolar dilation
increases fluid loss
inhibits renin
What happens to the volume-pressure curves after hemorrhage?
increase preload
increase contractility
What type of drug should you prescribe for heart failure and asthma?
beta 1 and beta 2 agonist
At what grade of murmur can you start hearing a thrill?
grade 4
what do the jugular veins reflect?
the activity of the right side of the heart (central venous pressure (CVP) and RA pressure)
internal jugular is better est than external
How do you measure JVP?
place pt in supin pos –> raise to 30-45 degrees
normal JVP is 0-9
What are the most common causes of an elevated JVP?
elevated right ventricle diastolic pressure
SVC obstruction
severe heart failure
Which JVP wave doesn’t have any clinical significance?
C = due to ventricular contraction
What is the downward slope after the V wave in JVP due to?
tricuspid valve opening
What are the main causes of hepato jugular reflex?
poorly compliant RV or RV failure
constrictive pericarditis
obstructive RV filling by TS or RA tumor
How is hormone sensitive lipase activated?
phosphorylated through PKA
