Blue Boxes Not Covered Yet Flashcards
What is a pneumonectomy?
removal of a lung
What is PaO2 like in the apex and base of the lung?
What about PaCO2?
apex = high PaO2, low PaCO2 base = low PaO2, high PaCO2
When correcting a VSD, what heart structure do you need to look out for so as not to suture it?
right bundle branch
What nerve is responsible for the innervation of the bronchial smooth muscle cells?
vagus N
What does percussion of the thorax assess?
helps establish whether underlying tissues are air filled, fluid filled, or solid
what can lung cancer derive from?
actual lung tissue or from bronchi (bronchogenic carcinoma)
If you had a blunt trauma to the sternum, what part of the heart would be most likely to be injured?
right ventricle - most anterior portion of heart, closest to sternum
What is ACE and where is it found in the body?
angiotensin converting enzyme - found primarily in the lungs
also metabolizes bradykinin
What malformations are associated with DiGeorge’s?
outflow problems: tetralogy of fallot and truncus arteriosus
interrupted aorta
What is ventilation like in the different parts of the lungs?
apex = low base = high
What is median sternotomy and when is it performed?
dividing of sternum in median plane and retracting
during open heart surgery or removal of tumors in superior lobes of lungs
What are the segments of the inferior lobe of the right lung?
superior anterior basal medial basal lateral basal posterior basal
What are the segments of the middle lobe of the right lung?
lateral and medial
What are the 4 starling forces in the lungs?
- hydrostatic pressure in capillary
- Hydrostatic pressure in tissue/alveoli
- oncotic/osmotic pressure of plasma
- Oncotic/osmotic pressure of tissue
What is funnel chest?
pectus excavatum
When do sternal fractures usually happen?
What type of fracture is one of the sternal body?
during crush injuries
comminuted fracture
What does Herpes zoster infect?
invades a ganglion –> produces sharp burning pain in the dermatome supplied by the involved N
muscle weakness occurs in 0.5-5% of ppl
What is a thoracotomy?
creation of an opening through thoracic wall to enter a pleural cavity
How do you perform an intercostal Nerve block?
inject anesthetic around intercostal nerves btw paravertebral line and area of required anesthesia –> gets intercostal n and collateral branches
What is eventration of the diaphragm? What is it caused by embryologically?
half of diaphragm ascends into the thorax during inspiration, while the other half contacts normally
caused by absence of musculature in one half of the diaphragm
What embryologic problem would cause tetralogy of fallot?
superior malalignment of the subpulmonary septum
Where is the most common site of sternal fracture in elderly people?
at sternal angle –> dislocation of manubriosternal joint
What are the segments of the superior lobe of the left lung?
apical posterior anterior superior inferior
What are the segments of the inferior lobe of the left lung?
superior anterior basal medial basal lateral basal posterior basal
What happens to costal cartilage as we age?
becomes less elastic and more brittle –> break easier in elderly people
what main bronchus is more likely to encounter foreign bodies? Why?
R main bronchus bc it is wider and more vertical than the left
What things are produced by the immune system activation in the lungs?
leukotrienes
prostaglandin/ thromboxane A2
(these are also removed in the lungs too)
What can failure to remove fluid from a lung cause?
the lung can develop a resistant fibrous covering that inhibits expansion unless it is peeled off
What will cause a left shift in oxy-hemoglobin curve?
increased pH
low CO2
Is the phrenic N sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
also motor and sensory