Cardiology GA Flashcards
How is an artificial cardiac pacemaker placed?
inserted thru a large V to superior vena cava –> R atrium –> into endocardium of trabecula carnae of R ventricle
What are the 4 borders of the heart?
right (right atrium)
inferior (right ventricle)
left (left ventricle)
superior (right and left atria and the exit point for the aorta and pulmonary trunk)
Where is the oblique pericardial sinus?
wide recess posterior to base of heart
What is angina pectoris?
pain that originates in the heart and produces strangling pain of the chest
usually result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries
What important structure runs through the right atrioventricular groove?
right coronary A
Where is the sinoatrial node? What is it?
where superior vena cava meets R atrium
cardiac muscle fibers that initiate and regulate impulses that go thru atrial walls –> diastole
“pace maker”
What are the internal features of the left atrium?
left auricle (pectinate M.) openings for 4 pulmonary Vs interatrial septum
What is cardiac referred pain?
ischemia –> visceral pain sensory fibers in heart of ANS –> share spinal ganglion w/ somatic sensory fibers in upper limb and chest wall
What are the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve?
anterior
posterior
septal
What is the aortic vestibule?
smooth muscle in the left ventricle that leads to the aorta
What is cardiac tamponade?
heart compression
What is the septomarginal trabeculum and where is it?
part of trabeculae carnae in R ventricle that runs from IV septum to base of anterior papillary M
transmits R bundle branch or AV bundle to anterior papillary M
What are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum?
anterior = anterior to heart
middle mediastinum = heart
poster mediastinum = posterior to heart
What is ventricular fibrullation?
How is it treated?
rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles –> heart can’t pump blood
give electric shock to defibrillate and hope that it will begin beating regularly
Where is the opening for the coronary sinus?
in the right atrium
What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?
sternal angle
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of pericardium –> can produce friction which can be heart by a stethoscope
if untreated, can calcify
What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep?
fibrous pericardium –> parietal serous pericardium –> visceral serous pericardium (epicardium) –> myocardium –> endocardium
What is pericardiocentesis?
drainage of blood, fluid, or pus from pericardial sac
What is the diaphragmatic surface?
right and left ventricles
What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?
right, left, and anterior cusps
What is a myocardial infarction?
lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium - usually bc of a blockage in a coronary A
What import structure housed in the left atrioventricular groove?
coronary sinus
What is coronary atherosclerosis?
buildup of lipids on the internal walls of the coronary arteries
What is the sternocostal surface?
right ventricle
What is the pulmonary surface?
right atrium and left ventricle
occupying cardiac impression on both lungs
What is the sulcus terminalis?
external vertical groove corresponding to internal crista terminalis (on right atrium)
What does the tricuspid valve separate?
right atrium and right ventricle
What nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum?
What does this mean clinically?
left recurrent laryngeal N of the vagus N –> loops around aortic arch and then goes up to the larynx
if you have an aneurysm that pushes on this nerve –> won’t be able to talk!
What is the crista terminalis?
internal ridge separating smooth and rough regions of right atrium
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
sternocostal
diaphragmatic
pulmonary
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?
attachment points for myocardium and cuspid valves
supports and strengthens atrioventricular and semilunar orifices
provides and electrically insulated barrier btw atria and ventricles
What is pectinate muscle?
rough muscle of the heart
What does the right side of the heart receive blood from?
superior and inferior vena cava
Where is the AV node?
bundle of muscle fibers in the interatrial septum near the opening for the coronary sinus
What is the sinus venarum?
posterior, smooth part of right atrium where venae cavae and coronary sinus empty
What is atrial fibrillation?
irregular twitching of the atrial cardiac muscle fibers –> ventricles respond at irregular intervals
Through what structure does oxygenated blood from the lungs go through to get to the left side of the heart?
pulmonary veins
How is cardiac catheterization performed and what does it allow you to visualize?
insert cath into femoral v –> up to inferior vena cava
visualize R atrium and R ventricle, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
What does the Atrioventricular bundle do?
distributes the impulse from the AV node into a R and L AV bundles –> distributes as subendocardial branches
What does the bicuspid valve separate?
left atrium and ventricle
Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?
separates Veins from arteries, can put fingers there behind aorta and pulmonary A
What is pericardial effusion?
inflammation of pericardium –> fluid or pus can accumulate in pericardial sac –> can compress heart
Where are the R and L coronary arteries found?
in the aortic sinuses
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
remnant of the ductus arteriosus, communication btw pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta
What are the cusps of the mitral valve?
anterior and posterior
What is the right auricle?
small pouch w/in pectinate muscle in right atrium
What important vessels run through the anterior interventricular groove?
anterior interventricular A and middle cardiac V
What do the subendocardial branches do?
distribute AV nodal impulses from AV bundles –> to interventricular septum, then to papillary muscles –> ventricular wall
also called purkinje fibers
What nerve is anginal pain referred to?
Left medial brachial cutaneous N
What is the conus arteriosus and where is it?
smooth-walled muscle in R ventricle that leads into pulmonary trunk
What is the fossa ovalis?
embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis that separated right and left atria
