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CP-1 > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

2+ clusters of alveoli

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2
Q

What is the order of path from a bronchiole to an alveolus?

A

terminal bronchiole –> respiratory bronchiole –> alveolar duct –> alveolar sac

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3
Q

What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
What parts make it up?

A 
collects and warms air --> transmits to respiratory part
nasal cavities, sinuses
trachea
primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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4
Q

At what point in the respiratory tract do you stop seeing goblet cells, glands, and hyaline cartilage?

A

in the bronchioles

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5
Q

What type of epithelium lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavities?
How is it different than respiratory region?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

much thicker and lacks goblet cells
has olfactory glands –> serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of terminal bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium w/ clara cells
increased elastic fibers
1-2 layers smooth muscle

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7
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

mucosa (ciliated pseudostratified columnar w goblet cells)
submucosa (denser CT than lamina propria)
cartilage
adventitia - binds trachea to adjacent structures

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of olfactory receptor cells/neurons?

A

have single dendritic process
nonmotile cilia w/ odorant receptors
ligand binds –> signal to olfactory bulb

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9
Q

What is special about the lamina propria of the respiratory epithelium?

A

has a rich vascular network w/ complex set of capillary loops

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10
Q

What layer of the trachea contains glands to coat the mucosa?

A

submucosa

glands = submucosal glands

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of type I pneumocytes?

A

very flat, line almost the entire alveolar surface

create surface for gas exchange w/ capillaries

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12
Q

What layer of bronchi contains the irregular cartilage plates?

A

submucosa

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13
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavities?

A

nasal vestibule - just inside nostriles, lined by skin
respiratory region - inferior 2/3, lined w/ respiratory mucosa
olfactory region - upper 1/3, lined w/ olfactory mucosa

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14
Q

How do goblet cells secrete mucus?

A

mucigen granules released through exocytosis –> combine w/ water –> mucus

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of visceral pleura?

A

covered in mesothelium
underlying fibrous CT of collagen and elastic fibers
extends into lung as septa continuous w/ lung parenchyma
contains a lot of lymphatic vessels

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16
Q

What is emphysema caused by?

A

smoking cigarettes

chronic inhalations of particulate material

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17
Q

What layer of the trachea contains BALT?

A

epithelia

18
Q

What are the major characteristics of bronchioles?

A

airways < 1 mm
clara cells in epithelia
increased elastic fibers in epithelia
no submucosa or cartilage

19
Q

What is the function of nasal cavities?

A

adjust the temperature and humidity of inspired air (enhanced by large surface area from turbinate bones)

20
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavities?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

21
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of lung tissue
air spaces filled w/ exudate containing WBCs, RBCs, and fibrin
enlarged capillaries congested w/ RBCs –> lung appears red, firm, and heavy

22
Q

What are the two types of drugs for asthma?

A

short term bronchodilators

long term corticosteroids

23
Q

What are the main types of cells in the alveoli?

A

type I and II pneumocytes

macrophages

24
Q

What are the major differences between bronchi and the trachea?

A

no regular rings of cartilage - irregular plates
smooth muscle layer present that is continuous in larger bronchi and loosely organized in smaller ones
fewer submucosal glands and goblet cells

25
Q

What type of tissue lines the pleura?

A

mesothelium

26
Q

What is emphysema?

A

chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles –> destruction of alveolar wall –> significant area for gas exchange is lost

27
Q

Where do olfactory neurons lie?

A

in the middle of the olfactory mucosa

28
Q

What are alveolar pores?

A

small openings that permit movement of air btw alveoli

29
Q

What are the characteristics of type II pneumocytes?

A

rounded cells that are 60% of the cells, but cover 5% of SA

secrete surfactant from lamellar bodies –> exocytosis

30
Q

What are basal cells of olfactory mucosa?

A

stem cells for olfactory receptor and supporting cells

31
Q

What are the main cell types in olfactory mucosa?

A

olfactory receptor cells
basal cells
brush cells
supporting/sustentacular cells

32
Q

What type of epithelium is found in alveoli?

A

simple squamous

33
Q

What is an alveolar septum?

A

wall of alveolar capillaries surrounded by elastin and collagen fibers

34
Q

When do you stop seeing simple ciliated columnar epithelium and start seeing simple cuboidal?

A

in the small bronchioles

35
Q

What are clara cells?

A

cells that secrete lipoprotein surfactant for the lungs

found in bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

36
Q

At what point in the respiratory tract do you stop seeing ciliated cells?

A

after respiratory bronchioles (once you reach alveolar ducts)

37
Q

How does asthma affect the airway?

A

chronic inflammation –> brochiolar walls infiltrated w/ eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells –> super thick epithelium w/ more goblet cells, thick BM and hyperplastic smooth muscle –> makes airway chronically smaller and harder to move

38
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A

aggregates of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fibers that form rings around alveolar ducts

39
Q

what length of respiratory tract is considered the trachea?

A

from larynx into the primary bronchi

40
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
with goblet cells
(confined to airways)

41
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory portion of the system?
What parts make it up?

A

passes air to alveoli –> gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

42
Q

How is the epithelium in bronchi different than the trachea?

A

cells shorter in height in bronchi
fewer goblet cells
increased elastic fibers in LP

CP-1 (32 decks)

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