PCM Topics Relevant to Exam I Flashcards
How is pulse oximetry measured?
oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light –> lets red pass
deoxy hemoglobin absorbs more red light
% saturation = red/red+blue
What does pulse oximetry measure?
peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2)
What can cause inadequate waveform in pulse oximetry?
malposition, motion, hypoperfusion, hypothermia, skin pigment
What can cause falsely normal or elevated oximetry?
carbon monoxide poisoning
high levels of Hb A1c
methemoglobin/ suffhemoglobin
ambient light
What can cause falsely low oximetry reading?
inadequate waveform methemoglobin/suffhemoglobin sickle cell or other abnormal hemoglobin severe anemia venous pulsations or congestion skin pigment ambient light nail polish vital dyes
What is end tidal CO2?
concentration of CO2 in exhaled air at the end of respiration
PETCO2
What is normal PETCO2?
PaCO2?
35-40 mm Hg
35-45 mm Hg
If you see a post-surgical fever, what could consider as the cause?
atelectasis
What does an incentive spirometer do?
helps prevent and treat post-surgical atelectasis
What can tracheal deviation be seen in?
pneumothorax
pleural effusion
atelectasis
mass
What can cause clubbed fingers
congenital heart disease interstitial lung disease bronchiectasis pulmonary fibrosis cystic fibrosis lung abcess malignancy IBS
What is bronchiectasis?
condition where airway becomes damage –> difficult to clear lungs of mucus
What is chronic bronchitis?
daily productive cough for 3 months or more, in at least 2 consecutive years
elevated hemoglobin
“blue bloater” - overweight and cyanotic
peripheral edema
What is a sinus tract?
underlying infection that opens to the skin
How do you perform tactile fremitus?
use ball of hands to optimize sensitivity –> have pt say 99 or 1-1-1 –> decreased or absent = COPD or other pleural changes (effusions, fibrosis, etc)
if increased = pneumonia
