Test 2 part 2

Question 1

Schwann Cells

Answer 1

Myelin for neurons in peripheral nervous system

Question 2

Glial cells of CNS

Answer 2

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
10-50 times more glial cells than actual neurons in the CNS

Question 3

Astrocytes

Answer 3

Star-shaped
Clean up brain debris
digest parts of dead neurons
transport nutrients to neurons
hold neurons in place
fill in extracellular space
help form the blood brain barrier

Question 4

Fibrous Astrocytes

Answer 4

found in white matter
forms the blood brain barrier via perivascular feet

Question 5

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Answer 5

found in gray matter

Question 6

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 6

myelin of neuronal axons in the CNS
like schwan cells but in CNS instead of PNS
Small cells with processes

Question 7

Microglia

Answer 7

Help eat up trash

Question 8

Ependymal cells

Answer 8

look like little bags of sugar
line the cavities (ventricles) of the CNS

Question 9

Superior Colliculi function

Answer 9

receive visual input that initiates a behavioral response.

Question 10

Inferior colliculi function

Answer 10

auditory integration of sound

Question 11

What makes up the Midbrain tectum?

Answer 11

4 corpora quadrigeminae which has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi

Question 12

Cerebellar peduncles

Answer 12

axonal pathways that carry information to and from the brainstem and cerebellum

Question 13

function of dorsal columns on the medulla?
(gracile tubercles & cuneate tubercles)

Answer 13

Carry tactile information upward to the thalamus
gracile tubercles - lower body and lower extremities
cuneate tubercles - upper body and upper extremities

Question 14

What is the obex?

Answer 14

point where all sides of 4th ventricle converge

Question 15

Area postrema

Answer 15

vomitting center
has chemoreceptors that stimulate vomitting when stimulated by toxins

Question 16

Cerebral peduncles made of what?

Answer 16

fibers of the corticospinal motor system

Question 17

Basal portion of pons (basis pontis) is formed by?

Answer 17

decussating fivers to the contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 18

Cortico-spinal motor pathway

Answer 18

Precentral gyrus > internal capsule > midbrain > pons & medulla > pyramids > 85% cross to lateral cortico-spinal tract and the rest go to anterior corticospinal tract

Question 19

Where does anterior cotricospinal tract cross over?

Answer 19

cervical spinal cord

Question 20

folds of cerevellum

Answer 20

folia

Question 21

biggest lobe of cerebellum?

Answer 21

posterior lobe

Question 22

Ant. lobe of cerebellum (spinocerebellum) receives motor input from?

Answer 22

Spinal cord

Question 23

Vermis of cerebelllum (vestibulocerebellum) receives motor input from?

Answer 23

Vestibular nuclei (brainstem)

Question 24

Post. lobe of cerebellum (corticocerebellum) receives motor input from?

Answer 24

cerebral cortex

Question 25

Spinocerebellar tract

Answer 25

sensory info from musclejoint > enter spinal cord through dorsal root ganglion > decussation to other side of spinal cord > up to medulla > up to pons > inferior cerebellar peduncle > back to other side > enters cerebellum > terminates in anterior lobe of cerebellum (spinocerebellum)

Question 26

Vestibulocerebellar tract

Answer 26

vestibulocochlear nerve from vestibular apparatus > vestibular nuclei (medulla) > vermis of cerebelllum > projections from deep cerebellar nuclei back to the vestiblar nuclei > vestibulospinal tract projections to spinal cord

Question 27

Corticocerebellar tract

Answer 27

motor portions of cerebral cortex > pontine nuclei > cerevbellum via contralateral middle cerebellar peduncles.

Question 28

Cerebellum motor functions

Answer 28

muscle coordination and coordinated body movement equilibrium and balance (vermis) maintain muscle tone

Question 29

Ataxia

Answer 29

Truncal and or limb instability have broad based stance unsteady gait (ataxic gait) high fall risk

Question 30

Dyskinesia

Answer 30

movement issue from basal ganglia

Question 31

Dysnergia

Answer 31

movement issue from cerebellum intention tremor hard time performing rapidly alternating movements (dysdiadochokinesia)

Question 32

Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 32

difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements

Question 33

Dysmetria

Answer 33

past pointing (finger to nose test) heel to shin test

Question 34

Reticular formation

Answer 34

bilateral network of multi-synaptic neurons in the brainstem

Question 35

Reticular formation functions

Answer 35

regulate level of consciousness regulate breathing cycle regulate muscle tone

Question 36

Ascending portion of reticular activating system (RAS) function

Answer 36

regulate level of consciousness Has cyclic activity ^ activity > arousal decreased actvity > quiessence

Question 37

Where does RAS receive input from?

Answer 37

skin, joints, muscles visual system auditory system visceral system

Question 38

General anestheisa affects what part of RAS?

Answer 38

ascending

Question 39

Pathologies associated with RAS dysfunction

Answer 39

Schizophrenia PTSD parkinsons's disease REM behaviour disorder narcolepsy progressive supranuclear palsy depression autism altzheimers disease ADD/ADHD

Question 40

Descending RAS function

Answer 40

regulates muscle tone affected by LOC

Question 41

Medulla function in breathing?

Answer 41

controls muscles involved in breathing

Question 42

Pons function in breathing?

Answer 42

control rate of breathing

Question 43

Parts of the Diencephalon

Answer 43

Thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus sub-thalamus - 2 nuclei

Question 44

How many lobes of thalamus?

Answer 44

2 lobes

Question 45

Hypthalamus connected to?

Answer 45

pituitary stalk

Question 46

Make up epithalamus?

Answer 46

pineal gland and habenula

Question 47

Subthalamus function?

Answer 47

motor control (1 of several "basal ganglia")

Question 48

Internal capsule is what type of matter?

Answer 48

White matter

Question 49

Thalamus

Answer 49

largest portion of diencephalon has 2 lobes 80% of people have mass intermedia or thalamic adhesion

Question 50

internal medullary lamina

Answer 50

seperate thalamus into nuclear regions

Question 51

Nuclear regions of Thalamus?

Answer 51

lateral nuclear group medial nuclear group anterior nuclear group