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Brandon’s Anatomy Flash Cards > Test 2 part 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelin for neurons in peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Glial cells of CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
10-50 times more glial cells than actual neurons in the CNS

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped
Clean up brain debris
digest parts of dead neurons
transport nutrients to neurons
hold neurons in place
fill in extracellular space
help form the blood brain barrier

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4
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

found in white matter
forms the blood brain barrier via perivascular feet

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5
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

found in gray matter

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelin of neuronal axons in the CNS
like schwan cells but in CNS instead of PNS
Small cells with processes

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7
Q

Microglia

A

Help eat up trash

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8
Q

Ependymal cells

A

look like little bags of sugar
line the cavities (ventricles) of the CNS

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9
Q

Superior Colliculi function

A

receive visual input that initiates a behavioral response.

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10
Q

Inferior colliculi function

A

auditory integration of sound

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11
Q

What makes up the Midbrain tectum?

A

4 corpora quadrigeminae which has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi

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12
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

axonal pathways that carry information to and from the brainstem and cerebellum

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13
Q

function of dorsal columns on the medulla?
(gracile tubercles & cuneate tubercles)

A

Carry tactile information upward to the thalamus
gracile tubercles - lower body and lower extremities
cuneate tubercles - upper body and upper extremities

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14
Q

What is the obex?

A

point where all sides of 4th ventricle converge

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15
Q

Area postrema

A

vomitting center
has chemoreceptors that stimulate vomitting when stimulated by toxins

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16
Q

Cerebral peduncles made of what?

A

fibers of the corticospinal motor system

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17
Q

Basal portion of pons (basis pontis) is formed by?

A

decussating fivers to the contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle

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18
Q

Cortico-spinal motor pathway

A

Precentral gyrus > internal capsule > midbrain > pons & medulla > pyramids > 85% cross to lateral cortico-spinal tract and the rest go to anterior corticospinal tract

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19
Q

Where does anterior cotricospinal tract cross over?

A

cervical spinal cord

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20
Q

folds of cerevellum

A

folia

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21
Q

biggest lobe of cerebellum?

A

posterior lobe

22
Q

Ant. lobe of cerebellum (spinocerebellum) receives motor input from?

A

Spinal cord

23
Q

Vermis of cerebelllum (vestibulocerebellum) receives motor input from?

A

Vestibular nuclei (brainstem)

24
Q

Post. lobe of cerebellum (corticocerebellum) receives motor input from?

A

cerebral cortex

25
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

sensory info from musclejoint > enter spinal cord through dorsal root ganglion > decussation to other side of spinal cord > up to medulla > up to pons > inferior cerebellar peduncle > back to other side > enters cerebellum > terminates in anterior lobe of cerebellum (spinocerebellum)

26
Q

Vestibulocerebellar tract

A

vestibulocochlear nerve from vestibular apparatus > vestibular nuclei (medulla) > vermis of cerebelllum > projections from deep cerebellar nuclei back to the vestiblar nuclei > vestibulospinal tract projections to spinal cord

27
Q

Corticocerebellar tract

A

motor portions of cerebral cortex > pontine nuclei > cerevbellum via contralateral middle cerebellar peduncles.

28
Q

Cerebellum motor functions

A

muscle coordination and coordinated body movement
equilibrium and balance (vermis)
maintain muscle tone

29
Q

Ataxia

A

Truncal and or limb instability
have broad based stance
unsteady gait (ataxic gait)
high fall risk

30
Q

Dyskinesia

A

movement issue from basal ganglia

31
Q

Dysnergia

A

movement issue from cerebellum
intention tremor
hard time performing rapidly alternating movements
(dysdiadochokinesia)

32
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

difficulty performing rapidly alternating movements

33
Q

Dysmetria

A

past pointing (finger to nose test)
heel to shin test

34
Q

Reticular formation

A

bilateral network of multi-synaptic neurons in the brainstem

35
Q

Reticular formation functions

A

regulate level of consciousness
regulate breathing cycle
regulate muscle tone

36
Q

Ascending portion of reticular activating system (RAS) function

A

regulate level of consciousness
Has cyclic activity
^ activity > arousal
decreased actvity > quiessence

37
Q

Where does RAS receive input from?

A

skin, joints, muscles
visual system
auditory system
visceral system

38
Q

General anestheisa affects what part of RAS?

A

ascending

39
Q

Pathologies associated with RAS dysfunction

A

Schizophrenia
PTSD
parkinsons’s disease
REM behaviour disorder
narcolepsy
progressive supranuclear palsy
depression
autism
altzheimers disease
ADD/ADHD

40
Q

Descending RAS function

A

regulates muscle tone
affected by LOC

41
Q

Medulla function in breathing?

A

controls muscles involved in breathing

42
Q

Pons function in breathing?

A

control rate of breathing

43
Q

Parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
sub-thalamus - 2 nuclei

44
Q

How many lobes of thalamus?

A

2 lobes

45
Q

Hypthalamus connected to?

A

pituitary stalk

46
Q

Make up epithalamus?

A

pineal gland and habenula

47
Q

Subthalamus function?

A

motor control (1 of several “basal ganglia”)

48
Q

Internal capsule is what type of matter?

A

White matter

49
Q

Thalamus

A

largest portion of diencephalon
has 2 lobes
80% of people have mass intermedia or thalamic adhesion

50
Q

internal medullary lamina

A

seperate thalamus into nuclear regions

51
Q

Nuclear regions of Thalamus?

A

lateral nuclear group
medial nuclear group
anterior nuclear group

Brandon’s Anatomy Flash Cards (20 decks)

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