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KIN245 > Test 2- Part 1: Biomechanics > Flashcards

Test 2- Part 1: Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Study of physical actions of forces

A

Mechanics

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2
Q

What two systems are mechanics divided into?

A

Statics & Dynamics

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3
Q

Study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest w/ no motion or moving at a constant velocity w/out acceleration

A

Statics

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4
Q

Study of systems in motion with acceleration

A

Dynamics

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5
Q

This involves all forces acting on the body being in balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium

A

Statics

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6
Q

Description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, accleration, and space factors of a system’s motion

A

Kinematics

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7
Q

Study of forces associated w/ the motion of the body

A

Kinetics

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8
Q

Load/effort =

A

Mechanical advantage

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9
Q

Using relatively small force (of effort) to move a much greater resistance

A

Mechanical advantage

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10
Q

Used to increase mechanical advantage

A

Machines

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11
Q

What are the four ways in which machines function?

A
  1. Balance multiple forces
  2. Enhances force in an attempt to reduce total force needed to overcome a resistance
  3. Enhance ROM & speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than applied force
  4. Alter resulting direction of the applied force
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12
Q

The musculoskeletel system provides 3 types of machines, what are they?

A

Levers (most common)
Wheel-Axis
Pulleys

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13
Q

Which machines are not found in the body?

A

Inclined plane
Screw
Wedge

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14
Q

A rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum

A

Lever

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15
Q

Point of rotation about which lever moves

A

Axis

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16
Q

In an arm, what represents the bars, axes, and applied force of a lever?

A

Bicep- force
Joint- axis
Bones- bars

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17
Q

All levers consist of what?

A

Axis (fulcrum)
Force (effort)
Load (resistance)

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18
Q

Axis between force &/or resistance

A

1st class lever

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19
Q

A F R

A

3rd class lever

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20
Q

A R F

A

2nd class lever

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21
Q

First class levers produce:

A

Balanced movements
Speed & ROM
Source motion

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22
Q

When does a first class lever produce speed & ROM?

A

When the axis is close to force (triceps in elbow extension)

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23
Q

When does first class levers produce source motion?

A

When axis is close to resistance (crowbar)

24
Q

Where is force applied?

A

Where muscle inserts in bone (NOT BELLY OF MUSCLE)

25
Q

Produces force movements, since a large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force

A

Second class levers

26
Q

What are some examples of SCL?

A

Wheelbarrow
Nutcracker
Loosening a lug nut
Raising body on toes

27
Q

Produces speed & ROM movements; the most common in humans. Requires a great deal of force to move even a small resistance

A

Third class levers (shoveling)

28
Q

The turning effect of an eccentric force (moment of force)

A

Torque

29
Q

Force applied off center or in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object w/ a fixed axis. Must occur for rotation to occur

A

Eccentric force

30
Q

Equation for torque

A

Force x Force Arm = torque

31
Q

Perpendicular distance between location of force application & axis

AKA?

A

Force arm

Moment arm & torque arm

32
Q

How can you increase torque to help more easily move a relatively large resistance?

A

Increase force arm length

33
Q

Distance between the axis and the point of resistance application

A

Resistance arm

34
Q

Longer the force arm, the _______ ________ required to move the lever if the resistance & resistance arm stay constant

A

Less force

35
Q

Shortening the resistance arm allows a __________ ____________ to be moved if force and force arm remain constant

A

Greater resistance

36
Q

There is an inverse relationship between _______________________ and a proportional relationship between ______________________.

A

Length of the two lever arms

Force components & resistance components

37
Q

Greater resistance or resistance arm requires what?

A

Greater force or a longer force arm

38
Q

In a FCL, if the axis is right in the middle of the force arm and resistance arm, how much weight is needed to balance it?

A

An equal force

39
Q

In a FCL, if the force arm becomes longer __ _____________ ________ of force is required to move a relatively larger resistance

A

A Decreasing amount

40
Q

As the force arm becomes shorter, __ _____________ _________ of force is required to move a relatively smaller resistance

A

An increasing amount

41
Q

In SCL, placing the reistance halfway between the axis & the point of force application provides a MA of:

A

2

42
Q

In a SCL, what happens if you are to move the resistance closer to the axis?

A

The MA increases, but decreases the distance that the resistance is moved

43
Q

In a SCL, what happens if you are to move the resistance closer to the force?

A

The less of a MA, but the greater the distance it is moved

44
Q

In a TCL, a force greater than the resistance….

A

is ALWAYS required due to the resistance arm always being longer

45
Q

In a TCL, what happens when the force application is closer to the axis?

A

There is an increase in the ROM & speed

46
Q

In a TCL, what happens when when the force application is closer to the resistance?

A

It decreases the force that is needed

47
Q

What do short fore arms & long resistance arms require in order to produce movement?

A

Great muscular force

48
Q

The longer a lever is, the more effective it is in imparting __________

A

Velocity

49
Q

For ______________, it is more desirable to have a short lever arm.

A

Quickness

50
Q

Used primarily to enhance ROM & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system

A

Wheel and axles

51
Q

The center of the wheel & the axle both correspond to the ________

A

Fulcrum (axis)

52
Q

If the wheel radius is __________ than the radius of the axle, then, due to the longer force arm, the wheel has a ____________ ______________ over the axis

A

Greater

Mechanical advantage

53
Q

If application of force is reversed and applied to the axle, then the mechanical advantage results from the wheel
turning a _________________________

A

Greater distance & speed

54
Q

Function to chance effective direction of force application

A

Single pulleys

55
Q

Lateral malleolus. As peroneus longus contracts, it pulls toward it’s bell (toward the knee). Using the lateral malleolus as a pulley, force is transmitted to plantar aspect of foot resulting in eversion/plantarflexion

A

Pulley example

KIN245 (14 decks)

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