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Microbiology & Immunology > Test 2: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Test 2: Innate Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F: Innate immunity is independent

A

False!

Adaptive and innate immunity help each other

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2
Q

What is the first step in innate immune response?

A

Recognition of pathogen by host cells

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3
Q

What is involved in the extracellular defense mechanism?

A

in the interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph: complement, macrophages and neutrophils

on the epithelial surfaces: antimicorbiral peptides

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4
Q

What do extraceullar defense mechanisms allow?

A

accessible to soluble molecules and phagocyte

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5
Q

What is involved in the intracellular defense mechanism?

A

in the cytoplasm: NK cells

in the vesicles: activated macrophages

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6
Q

What do intracellular defense mechanisms require?

A

require killing or activation of infected cells

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7
Q

What are important characteristics unique to innate immunity?

A
  • recognize structures shared by various classes of microbes but not present on normal host cells
  • limited diversity
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8
Q

What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

A

molecules expressed and/or produced solely by microbes

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9
Q

Where are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?

A

PRR expression and ligands are redundant and are localized at plasma and endosomal membrane, and in the cytosol

  • they also recognize similar types of ligand
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10
Q

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

expressed on cells that are components of the innate immune system

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11
Q

What does TLR-4 recognize?

A

LPS

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12
Q

What does TLR-3 recognize?

A

double stranded RNA

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13
Q

How does toll like receptors signal transduction work?

A

recruit adaptor proteins, MyD88 and TRIF which leads to activation of transcription factors and cytokine production

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14
Q

What does TLR3 recruit and trigger?

A

TLR3 recruits TRIF and triggers IFNa/B production

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15
Q

What does the NLRP3 inflammasome lead to?

A

inflammasome assembly leads to caspase-1 activation and results in cleavage of pro-IL1B and secretion of IL-1B
- then, accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at site

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16
Q

What are the functions of the epithelia?

A
  • physical barrier: saliva (oral cavity)
  • chemical barrier: kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some viruses
  • cellular barrier
17
Q

What is the most abundant cell?

A

neutrophils
- 1x10^11 per day
- short lived: 6 hrs in blood if don’t encounter anything
- no lysosome

18
Q

What mediates the earliest phase of inflammatory responses?

A

neutrophils
(recognize and then kill microbe)

19
Q

What cell is 10x less abundant in blood and long lived?

A

mononuclear phagocytes
- monocytes differentiate into macrophages in tissues

20
Q

What mediates the later stages of innate immune response (1 or 2 days after infection)?

A

macrophage
- also divide and persist at inflammation site
- (2nd responder)

21
Q

What are the functions of classical/M1 macrophages?

A
  • trigger inflammation for enhanced adaptive immunity
  • kill microbes
22
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

posses dendrites and have phagocytic capabilities

23
Q

What are the classical dendritic cells?

A
  • link innate and adaptive immune responses
  • capture/display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes
  • tune T cell response by secreting cytokines
    (activate T cells)
24
Q

What are the plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A
  • produce type 1 interferon that possess antiviral activities
  • bind dsRNA via TLR3
25
Q

What are the Natural Killer cells?

A
  • do not express somatically rearranged clonal disturbed antigen receptors so kill the infected cells and are NOT phagocytes
    (don’t need to be activated to kill)
26
Q

T/F: NK cells will kill our own cells

A

False!
They should not because signals from inhibitors receptors block signals from activating receptors.
If there is a lack of inhibitory receptor engagement, it will trigger activated and kill cell

27
Q

How do NK cells kill virus-infected cells?

A

perforin/granzyme

28
Q

Where are mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils found?

A

mast cells: tissues (skin, lungs, near b.v. in tissues)
basophils and eosinophils: blood

29
Q

What happens upon activation of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils found?

A

release proteolytic enzymes and substance that contribute to inflammation (histamine, PG, heparin, leukotrienes, TNFa)
- and protect against helminth

30
Q

What are the 2 signals involved in lymphocyte activation?

A

signal 1= antigen bind to antigen receptor
signal 2= molecules provided by innate cells

  • this will allow for proliferation and differentiation
31
Q

What is the third signal involved in lymphocyte activation?

A

differentiation signal

32
Q

Which is essential for effective host defense at early stages of infection and which is essential for microbe clearance?

adaptive vs innate

A

innate immunity= essential for effective host defense at early stages of infection

adaptive immunity= essential for microbe clearance

33
Q

Which type of immunity has receptors encoded in germline?

A

innate immunity (have limited diversity)

34
Q

What is the first step by which cells of innate immunity identify that microbes have invaded?

A

they express receptors with limited diversity allowing them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes

35
Q

What is special about TLR4?

A

can recruit MyD88 and TRIF

36
Q

After TLR4 recruits MyD88, what happens?

A

increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, costimulators which leads to acute inflammation and stimulation of adaptive immunity

37
Q

After TLR4 recruits TRIF, what happens?

A

production of type 1 interferon (IFNa,B) which leads to antiviral state

38
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A

epithelial barriers, phagocytes, NK, and granulocytes

39
Q

T/F: macrophages and NK cells work together by killing microbes

A

True!
NK cells produce IFNy which activates macrophages and leads to killing of phagocytoses microbes

Microbiology & Immunology (30 decks)

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