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Microbiology & Immunology > Test 2: Inflammation > Flashcards

Test 2: Inflammation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are 4 effects of inflammation?

A
  • increase in temp= calor
  • redness= rubor
  • swelling= tumor
  • pain= dolor
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2
Q

What are the mediators in response to bacterial infection?

A

histamine, PG, TNFa

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3
Q

What do mediators do in acute inflammatory response?

A

mediators increased capillary permeability leading to influx of plasma proteins and phagocytic cells, contributing to swelling, redness, heat and pain

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4
Q

How are cytokines produced and by what?

A

Cytokines produced by innate cells upon interaction with infectious agents and activate/mobilize other cells

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5
Q

What are the cytokine effects on vascular endothelium?

A

endothelial wall gains new adhesion proteins specific for interactions with leukocytes (ex: selecting, integrin ligands)

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6
Q

What activate the complement and opsonization in the liver?

A

TNFa, IL1, IL6

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7
Q

What cause decreased viral and bacterial replication in hypothalamus, fat, and muscle?

A

IL1, TNFa by increasing body temperature which inhibits enzyme activity involved in protein synthesis and DNA/RNA replication

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8
Q

What is the first step of leukocytes getting recruited to sites of infection?

A

I- Rolling
up regulation of adhesion molecules (selection, integrins)
- selectins roll on wall and crawl through vessel walls

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9
Q

What is the second step of recruitment of leukocytes?

A

II- integrin activation by chemokine

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10
Q

What is the third step of recruitment of leukocytes?

A

III- stable adhesion

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11
Q

What is the fourth step of recruitment of leukocytes?

A

IV- Migration through endothelium

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12
Q

What are the liver plasma proteins?

A

SAP, CRP, MBL
- all function as opsonin which target microbes for phagocytosis

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13
Q

What are molecules coating microbe surface to target for phagocytosis?

A

opsonin

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14
Q

What is the process of marking microbe for ingestion?

A

opsonization

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15
Q

What is the order of opsonins bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor?

A

opsonins simultaneously bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor which then activate complement

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16
Q

How does the activation of complement system work?

A

all paths lead to cleave of C3 by C3 convertase into C3b=opsonin and C3a=anaphylatoxin

17
Q

What is C3a and C3b for?

A

C3b=opsonin which is for opsoninization and phagocytosis and C3a=anaphylatoxin which is for inflammation

18
Q

What are the local inflammatory responses that C3a and C3b induce?

A
  • increased vascular permeability
  • increased microbicidal activity
19
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A
  • ingest microbes which then involves killing of microbes and processing of antigens
  • definition: process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes
20
Q

What is the oxidative or respiratory burst?

A

generation of O2 and reactive oxygen species that are toxic for ingested microbes

  • how microbes are killed once phagocytosed in phagolysosome
21
Q

What does pus tell us in the oral cavity?

A

dying neutrophil

22
Q

How do neutrophil extracellular traps work?

A
  • high local concentration of antimicrobial components that kill microbes extracellulary
23
Q

How do innate cells mediate inflammation identified by swelling, redness, heat, and pain upon infection?

A

they produce molecules that recruit cells/proteins to the site

24
Q

How do cells at site of infection alert other innate cells of the immune response?

A

cytokines attract and activate cells or induce cellular processes

25
Q

What cells are found at inflamed site?

A

neutrophils and monocytes

26
Q

Describe the 1 step of recruitment of leukocytes (rolling step)

A
  • macrophages responding to toll like receptor by binding to a receptor on the surface of the bacteria
  • cytokines like TNF and IL-1 will be produced
  • this will stimulate endothelial cells to up regulate adhesion molecules such as selection and integrin that binds with low affinity
  • LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 while VLA-4 binds to VCAM1
27
Q

What is the classical pathway for activating complement?

A

CRP-SAP

28
Q

What is the lectin pathway for activating complement?

A

MBL

29
Q

Of the cells listed, which kills microbes and which processes antigens?
a. neutrophil
b. macrophage
c. dendritic cell

A

neutrophil and macrophage= kill microbes

dendritic cell= process antigen

30
Q

Other than the phagocyte oxidase system, what is another free radical generating system to kill an ingested microbe?

A

generation of NO

  • No and reactive oxygen species together can generate reactive peroxynitrate radicals that are even more toxic

Microbiology & Immunology (30 decks)

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