test 2 ch 6

Question 1

5 primary functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

1. support 2. storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (yellow marrow) 3. blood cell production (red marrow) 4. protection 5. leverage (force of motion)

Question 2

sutural bones

Answer 2

small irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull

Question 3

irregular bones

Answer 3

complex shapes

vertebrae, pelvis

Question 4

short bones

Answer 4

small and thick

ankle and wrist

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

long, thin, with rounded ends

arms, legs, fingers, toes

Question 6

sesamoid bones

Answer 6

small, flat, and develop inside tendons

minisci

Question 7

diaphysis

Answer 7

shaft of bone has a heavy wall of compact bone around a central medullary cavity

Question 8

epiphysis

Answer 8

wide part at each end of bone that articulates w other bones. Made up of mostly spongy bone (cancellous) covered with compact bone (cortex)

Question 9

metaphysis

Answer 9

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Question 10

structure of flat bone

Answer 10

resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone; parietal bone

Question 11

diploe

Answer 11

layer of spongy bone between the compact bone in the cranium

Question 12

osseous tissue characteristics

Answer 12

dense, supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells; produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers

Question 13

osteocytes

Answer 13

bone cells within lacunae organized around blood vessels; do not divide; are between lamellae (layers) of matrix and connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi

Question 14

canaliculi

Answer 14

form pathways for blood vessels to exchange nutrients and waste

Question 15

periosteum

Answer 15

covers outer surface of bone and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

Question 16

osteoblasts

Answer 16

immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds (osteogenesis)

Question 17

osteoid

Answer 17

matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone

Question 18

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 18

mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts; located in endosteum; assist in fracture repair

Question 19

osteoclasts

Answer 19

giant multinucleated cells that dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

Question 20

trabeculae

Answer 20

open form of matrix found in spongy bone

Question 21

endochondral ossification

Answer 21

ossifies bone that originates from hyaline cartilage

Question 22

appositional growth

Answer 22

compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone w layers of circumferential lamellae

Question 23

epiphyseal lines

Answer 23

when long bones stop growing after puberty

Question 24

intramembraneous ossification

Answer 24

occurs in the dermis and produces dermal bones-mandible and clavicle

Question 25

hormone calcitrol

Answer 25

made in the kidneys and helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract; requires vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Question 26

bone growth vit C

Answer 26

collagen synthesis and stimulation of osteoblast defferentiation

Question 27

bone growth vit A

Answer 27

osteoblast activity

Question 28

growth hormone and thyroxine

Answer 28

stimulat bone growth

Question 29

estrogens and androgens

Answer 29

stimulate osteoblasts

Question 30

calcitonin and parathyroid horemone (PTH)

Answer 30

regulate calcium and phosphate levels- increases

Question 31

parathyroid hormone

Answer 31

stimulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Question 32

hormone calcitonin

Answer 32

made in thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity, decreases calcium in blood

Question 33

4 step fracture repair

Answer 33

1. bleeding 2. cells of periosteum and endosteum divide and make external and internal callus 3. osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone 4.osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel fracture for up to a year