Ch 11 test

Question 1

muscle fatigue

Answer 1

1. depletion of metabolic reserves w/n muscles fibers 2. damage to the sarcolemma and sarcoplastic reticulum 3. decline in pH w/n muscle fibers and muscle as a whole 4, muscle exhaustion and pain

Question 2

fast fibers

Answer 2

contract quickly, w large diameter, glycogen reserves, few mitochondria, strong contractions, fatigue quickly-anaerobic, white, no myoglobin

Question 3

slow fibers

Answer 3

red, contain myoglobin, aerobic, small diameter, fatigue slow

Question 4

intermediate fibers

Answer 4

pink, contain some myoglobin, anaerobic and aerobic

Question 5

cardiac muscle structure

Answer 5

small, 1 nucleus, T-tubles are short and wide w no triads, sarcoplasmic reticulum w no terminal cisternae, dependant on aerobic metabolism, intercalated disc (conduct action potentials)

Question 6

functional characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 6

automaticity, responds to nervous sys, contractions last longer than skeletal, no wave summation

Question 7

smooth muscle location

Answer 7

forms around other tissues, regulates blood pressure and airflow

Question 8

smooth muscle structural characteristics

Answer 8

long and slender, spindle shape, one nucleus, nonstriated, thick filaments are scattered throughout cell, thin filaments attached to dense bodies throughout cell, cells are bound together w each other, no tendons or aponeuroses

Question 9

parallel fibers

Answer 9

fibers parallel to long axis of muscle, biceps brachii

Question 10

convergent

Answer 10

broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe) pectoralis

Question 11

unipennate

Answer 11

fibers on one side of tendon, extensor digitorum

Question 12

bipennate

Answer 12

fibers on both sides of tendon, rectus femoris

Question 13

multipennate

Answer 13

tendon branches w muscle, deltoid

Question 14

circular

Answer 14

sphincters, orbicularis oris

Question 15

lever

Answer 15

bone-rigid, moving structure

Question 16

fulcrum

Answer 16

joint, a fixed point

Question 17

resistance

Answer 17

load

Question 18

first class lever

Answer 18

resistance, fulcrum, force; head nod

Question 19

second class lever

Answer 19

fulcrum, resistance, force; stand on toes, most powerful

Question 20

third class lever

Answer 20

fulcrum, force, resistance; bicep curl

Question 21

muscle origin

Answer 21

fixed point of attachment

Question 22

muscle insertion

Answer 22

moving point of attachment

Question 23

agonist

Answer 23

prime mover, produces a particular movement

Question 24

antagonist

Answer 24

opposes movement of a particular agonist

Question 25

synergist

Answer 25

a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist, helps start motion or stabilizes origin of agonist (fixator)

Question 26

naming muscles- location

Answer 26

identifies body regions

Question 27

naming muscles origin and insertion

Answer 27

first part of name indicates origin, second part indicates insertion

Question 28

naming muscles fascicle organization

Answer 28

rectus (straight), transverse, oblique

Question 29

naming muscles relative position

Answer 29

externus (superficialis), internus (profundus), extrinsic, intrinsic

Question 30

naming muscles structural characteristics

Answer 30

number of tendons (bi-2, tri-3), shape (trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid), size