Test 2: antibiotics

Question 1

infection depends on what 3 factors

Answer 1

quantity of bacteria
virulence of the inoculum
resistance of the patient

Question 2

examples of endogenous infectious agents

Answer 2

normal flora of skin, GI, pulmonary, renal

Question 3

refined clean

Answer 3

One in which the gastrointestinal, respiratory, or genitourinary tracts are not invaded

No inflammation is noted

Aseptic technique is maintained throughout the surgical procedure. The surgery must be elective and the wound closed primarily without drains.

Question 4

clean vs refined clean

Answer 4

clean can have drain that exits away from primary incision

Question 5

clean/contaminated

Answer 5

The gastrointestinal, respiratory, or genitourinary tract is entered under controlled conditions.

The spillage of contents or contamination is judged to be
minor. In studies of human patients, the infection rate is
3% - 11%.

Question 6

contaminated

Answer 6

There is a major break in aseptic technique.

Acute, nonpurulent inflammation is present

There is gross spillage of acute viscus. Examples: fresh, open, traumatic wounds are included in this category. For humans, the risk of infection with this category of wound is 10%-17%.

Question 7

dirty wound

Answer 7

Older traumatic wounds containing devitalized tissues.

Operations in which exudate or a perforated viscus is
encountered. The infection rate in humans is 27%-40%.

Question 8

dose rate for systemic prophylaxis

Answer 8

single dose 30-60 mins before surgery
2nd dose if surgery > 3 hours
stop after 24 hrs

Question 9

what type of wound should you use systemic antibiotics for

Answer 9

clean contaminated and contaminated surgical wounds

Question 10

when to use systemic antibiotics

Answer 10

Clean contaminated and contaminated surgical wounds

Clean surgical procedures involving an implant or prosthesis

Occurrence of an infection might be life-threatening

High-risk patient (immunocompromised)

Question 11

cardinal signs of wound infection

Answer 11

discharge
dehiscence
depression
anorexia
+/- fever

Question 12

E coli looks and smells like

Answer 12

serous to purulent
fecal smell

Question 13

Strep looks and smells like

Answer 13

water exudate
no smell

Question 14

Staph looks and smells like

Answer 14

thick and purulent
no smell

Question 15

Pseudomonas looks and smells like

Answer 15

greenish blue
sweet musky smell

Question 16

Anaerobic bacteria looks and smells like

Answer 16

found smelling- sulfur

Question 17

cryo causes death by

Answer 17

direct and indirect injury

Question 18

how does indirect cryo injury work

Answer 18

causes anoxia and death

attacks endothelial tissue, cause leakiness and clotting which cuts off blood supply

vascular stasis (capillary level)

Question 19

direct cryo injury is by

Answer 19

ice crystal form inside cells and cause damage- thermal shock and apoptosis

overwhelming cellular pathology

Question 20

— part of the cell are most susceptible to rapid freezing

Answer 20

mitochondria

Question 21

recrystallization

Answer 21

small crystals form into bigger crystals during second rapid cooling phase

Question 22

cytoskeletal disassembly occurs during

Answer 22

hypothermia

Question 23

hyper or hypo osmolarity during frozen state?

Answer 23

hyper

Question 24

monopolar or bipolar use ground plate

Answer 24

monopolar

Question 25

when to use bipolar

Answer 25

plastic and neurosurgical

areas where you want to limit injury to surrounding tissues

Question 26

benefits of elctrocautery

Answer 26

saves time
decreased blood loss

arteries up to 1 mm
veins up to 2 mm