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Physiology Final > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The prime mover of any skeletal movement is called the?

A

Agonist

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2
Q

Each fascicle of a muscle is surrounded by the?

A

Perimysium

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3
Q

The light band of a skeletal muscle is known as the?

A

I band

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4
Q

Somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter ______ at the neuromuscular junction.

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a ?

A

Motor unit

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6
Q

Subunits of skeletal muscle cells that are composed of sarcomeres are called?

A

Myofibrils

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7
Q

The thick filament is also called the?

A

A band

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8
Q

Myosin contains binding sites for ____ and ____.

A

ATP and actin

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9
Q

Which molecule blocks the myosin head from binding to actin in a relaxed muscle?

A

Tropomyosin

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10
Q

The inability of muscle cells to relax sue to high frequency stimulation is termed?

A

Tetanus

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11
Q

The first 1 to 2 minutes of moderate to heavy exercise relies on _____ for ATP production.

A

Anaerobic respiration of glucose

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12
Q

Type 1 skeletal muscle fibers?

A

have numerous mitochondria

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to skeletal muscle fatigue?

A

increased intracellular K+

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14
Q

The muscle spindle apparatus is associated with?

A

Intrafusal fibers

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15
Q

In smooth muscle cells, ______ functions in a manner analogous to troponin.

A

Calmodulin

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of venous blood?

A

Always has lower oxygen content

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17
Q

How much blood does the average sized adult have?

A

5 liters

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18
Q

Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen?

A

heme part of hemoglobin

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a granular leukocyte?

A

monocyte

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20
Q

The process of blood cell formation is?

A

Hematopoiesis

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21
Q

What organ secretes eyrthropoietin?

A

Kidneys

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22
Q

When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient’s blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called?

A

Agglutination

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when?

A

The mother has Rh- blood and the fetus has Rh+ blood

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24
Q

What ion is necessary for the clotting process?

A

Ca2+

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25
Q

Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing?

A

Platelet plug formation

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26
Q

What is the enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?

A

Thrombin

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27
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the?

A

Stroke Volume

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28
Q

During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure

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29
Q

What occurs when the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria?

A

AV valves open

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30
Q

The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by?

A

Inward diffusion of Ca2+

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31
Q

All blood vessels are lined with?

A

Endothelial cells

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32
Q

Cardiac output is equal to?

A

Stroke volume x cardiac rate

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33
Q

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to in the heart?

A

B1-adrenergic

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34
Q

Acteylcholine binds to _____ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ____ channels.

A

Muscarinic, K+

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35
Q

The cardiac control center of the ____ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A

Medulla oblongata

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36
Q

Cardiac output would be increased by?

A

Positive chronotropic agents

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37
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is _____ at the arterial end of a capillary.

A

Higher, lower

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38
Q

_____ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption.

A

Aldosterone

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39
Q

Angiotensin 1 is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.

A

Angiotensiogen; renin

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40
Q

Sweat glands can also secrete ____ that stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature.

A

Bradykinin

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41
Q

Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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42
Q

Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?

A

Veins

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43
Q

Increased blood pressure stimulates?

A

decreased sympathetic outflow of the heart

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44
Q

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to?

A

Diastolic Pressure

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45
Q

The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be?

A

88

46
Q

Secondary hypertension may result rom?

A

a renin secreting tumor

47
Q

Cardiogenic shock can result from?

A

Myocardial infarction

48
Q

A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is?

A

Compliance

49
Q

How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs?

A

reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules

50
Q

Quiet inspiration will _____ thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.

A

Increase, decrease

51
Q

Cessation of breathing is known as?

A

apnea

52
Q

The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the?

A

Total lung capacity

53
Q

Normal venous Pco2 is?

A

40 mm Hg

54
Q

Normal venous Po2 is?

A

100 mm Hg

55
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the?

A

aortic and carotid bodies

56
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

57
Q

The primary drive to breath is elicited by which of the following?

A

Increased Pco2

58
Q

What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels?

A

Hypoxemia

59
Q

The rhythmicity center is located in the?

A

Medulla oblongata

60
Q

Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the?

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

61
Q

If Po2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying?

A

20 mL O2/ 100mL blood

62
Q

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to carbon monoxide is?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

63
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is _____ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised.

A

increased

64
Q

The Bohr effect?

A

describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

65
Q

Smooth muscle cells?

A

may contain gap junctions

66
Q

What are the swellings on autonomic nerves that release neurotransmitter to smooth muscle called?

A

Varicosities

67
Q

The P wave of an ECG represents?

A

Atrial depolarization

68
Q

Bipolar limb lead three uses the?

A

Left arm and left leg

69
Q

Which vessels are most important for controlling resistance to blood flow?

A

Arterioles

70
Q

WIthin the blood vessels, valves are found in the ?

A

Veins

71
Q

During skeletal muscle contraction?

A

thin filaments slide across thick filaments

72
Q

The movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex requires?

A

Ca2+

73
Q

When a muscle is stimulated to contract, calcium release channels in the SR will release Ca2+ by?

A

Passive Diffusion

74
Q

In regards to the relationship between resting muscle fiber length and tension generated?

A

maximal tension is generated when the thick and thin filaments slightly overlap

75
Q

Skeletal muscles at rest obtain most of their energy from the aerobic respiration of ?

A

Fatty acids

76
Q

Muscle hypertrophy is due to?

A

both increased number of myofibrils in the muscle fiber and increased size of the myofibrils

77
Q

Alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal fibers

78
Q

John has blood type B. In an emergency, John could receive which of the following blood types?

A

B or O

79
Q

Damage to tissues stimulants that activation of the ____ blood clotting pathway.

A

Extrinsic

80
Q

Normal alveolar Po2 is?

A

105 mm Hg

81
Q

Normal alveolar Pco2 is?

A

40 mm Hg

82
Q

The final protein that forms a blood clot is?

A

Fibrin

83
Q

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction ventricular pressure is?

A

increasing

84
Q

What part of the heart’s conduction system acts as the primary pacemaker?

A

SA node

85
Q

The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called an ?

A

ECG

86
Q

The lymphatic system can help cancer ____ since cancer cells may enter, circulate, and later exit porous lymphatic capillaries.

A

Metastasize

87
Q

All blood vessels are lined with?

A

Endothelial Cells

88
Q

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the?

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

89
Q

The _____ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.

A

Net filtration Pressure

90
Q

Increased blood flow resistance is caused by ?

A

Increased blood vessel length

91
Q

During exercise, all of the following occur EXCEPT?

A

Increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

92
Q

In response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will?

A

Increase

93
Q

If cardiac output increases, the peripheral resistance must ______ for arterial blood pressure to remain constant.

A

Decrease

94
Q

Dangerously low blood pressure that results from infection is?

A

Septic shock

95
Q

The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT

A

The respiratory bronchioles

96
Q

During inspiration,

A

intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

97
Q

What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?

A

Boyle’s Law

98
Q

The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is?

A

Elasticity

99
Q

According to who’s law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal?

A

Laplace’s Law

100
Q

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the?

A

Tidal Volume

101
Q

Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be?

A

114 mm Hg

102
Q

Pulmonary circulation is a ____ resistance and _____ pressure pathway.

A

low, low

103
Q

Pulmonary arterioles ____ and system arterioles ____ when Po2 is low.

A

constrict, dilate

104
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

105
Q

The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the?

A

Phrenic Nerve

106
Q

What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation?

A

97%

107
Q

The ____ complex contains three proteins designated as the I, T, and C types.

A

Troponin

108
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the venous blood?

A

always has lower oxygen content

109
Q

Norepinephrine is released from _____ nerves, causing heart rate to ______.

A

Sympathetic; increase

110
Q

Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A

decreased tissue metabolism

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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