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Physiology Final > Ch 12: Skeletal Muscles > Flashcards

Ch 12: Skeletal Muscles Flashcards

0
Q

The bone that moves is attached at the muscle _________?

A

Insertion

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1
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

It shortens

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2
Q

The muscle is attached to a bone that does not move at the muscle _______?

A

Origin

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3
Q

________ muscles decrease the angle between two bones at a joint.

A

Flexor

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4
Q

________ muscles increase the angle between two bones at a joint.

A

Extensor

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5
Q

The prime mover of my skeletal movement is called the?

A

Agonist

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6
Q

Flexors and extensors that work together are?

A

Antagonists

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles are surrounded by a fibrous _____.

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

Each fascicle of a muscle is surrounded by the?

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

Connective tissues called perimysium subdivides the muscle into _______.

A

Fascicles

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10
Q

Each fascicle is subdivided into muscle fibers surrounded by ______.

A

Endomysium

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11
Q

Muscle fibers have a plasma membrane called what?

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

________ are multinucleated and striated.

A

Muscle fibers

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13
Q

The light band of a skeletal muscle is known as the?

A

I band

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14
Q

The dark band of a skeletal muscle is known as the

A

A band

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15
Q

The site where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber is known as?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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16
Q

The area of the muscle fiber sarcolemma where a motor neuron stimulates it is?

A

Motor end plate

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17
Q

Somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter _______ at the neuromuscular junction.

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a?

A

Motor unit

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19
Q

Subunits of skeletal muscle cells that are composed of sarcomeres are called?

A

Myofibrils

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20
Q

The thick filament is also called the?

A

A band

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21
Q

____ contain only thin filaments.

A

I bands

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22
Q

_____ are the center of the A band with no thin filament overlap.

A

H bands

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23
Q

______ are found in the center of each I band

A

Z lines

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24
Q

_______ are found in the center of each A band and help hold down thick filaments.

A

M lines

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25
Q

What is the area from one Z line to the next?

A

Sarcomere

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26
Q

The protein that anchors in the thick filaments and allows elastic to coil is known as?

A

Titin

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27
Q

When a muscle contracts, sarcomeres shorten and _______ do not shorten.

A

A bands

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28
Q

When a muscle contracts, sarcomeres shorten and ______ shorten, but thin filaments do not.

A

I bands

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29
Q

When a muscle contracts, sarcomeres shorten and thin filaments side toward the ______?

A

H zone

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30
Q

Thick myofilaments are composed of the protein ______.

A

Myosin

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31
Q

Myosin contains binding sites for ____and______ .

A

ATP, actin

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32
Q

Which molecule blocks the myosin head from binding to actin in a relaxed muscle?

A

Tropomyosin

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33
Q

Sliding is produced by several cross bridges that form between ______ and _______.

A

Myosin, actin

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34
Q

Release of Pi upon binding cocks the myosin head, producing a _________ that pulls the thin filament toward the center.

A

Power stroke

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35
Q

After the power stroke, ____ is released and a new ATP binds.

A

ADP

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36
Q

_____ inhibits binding of myosin.

A

Troponin I

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37
Q

_____ binds to tropomyosin.

A

Troponin T

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38
Q

____ binds to calcium.

A

Troponin C

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39
Q

When muscle cells are stimulated, _____ is released inside the muscle fiber.

A

Ca2+

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40
Q

_______ is modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+ when muscle is at rest. Most is stored in terminal cisternae.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

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41
Q

When a muscle fiber is stimulated, Ca2+ diffuses out of ______.

A

Calcium release channels

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42
Q

What are narrow membranous tunnels formed from the sarcolemma, open to the extra cellular environment, able to conduct act own potentials, and closely situated next to terminal cisternae?

A

Transverse Tubules

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43
Q

When stimulating a muscle fiber, _______ is released from the motor neuron, and the end plate potentials are produced.

A

Acetylcholine

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44
Q

When stimulating a fiber, action potentials are generated and voltage gated calcium channels in transverse tubules change shape and cause calcium channels in the SR to open causing ____ to be released and bind to the Troponin C.

A

Calcium

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45
Q

____ is done in vitro where one end of the muscle is fixed and the other is movable.

A

Study

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46
Q

When studying ________, electrical simulations are applied and contractions are recorded and displayed as currents.

A

Muscle behavior

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47
Q

What is it called when a muscle quickly contracts and relaxes after a single electrical shock of sufficient voltage?

A

Twitch

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48
Q

What is it called when a second shock is applied immediately after the first, and giving a piggyback look?

A

Summation

49
Q

What is it called when increasing the frequency of electrical shocks decreases the relaxation time between twitches?

A

Incomplete tetanus

50
Q

What is it called when at a certain frequency there will be no relaxation?

A

Complete tetanus

51
Q

The inability of muscle cells to relax due to high frequency stimulation is termed?

A

Tetanus

52
Q

As the voltage is increased, the number of muscle fibers used in vitro increases. This will reach a maximum value when all Muscle fibers are stimulated. If a fresh muscle is stimulated with several shocks at maximum voltage, each twitch will be progressively stronger causing a staircase effect. This is known as what?

A

Treppe

53
Q

Muscle fibers shorten when the tension produced is just greater than the load is known as what?

A

Isotonic contractions

54
Q

Muscles can’t shorten because the load is too great is known as what? (can be voluntary)

A

Isometric contractions

55
Q

A muscle fiber shortens when force is greater than the load is known as what?

A

Concentric contractions

56
Q

A muscle may actually lengthen, despite contraction, if the load is too great is known as what?

A

Eccentric contraction

57
Q

_____ parts of the muscle and tendons must be pulled tight when muscles contract.

A

Noncontractile

58
Q

______ are elastic, resist distension, and snap back to resting length. They also absorb some of the tension as muscles contract.

A

Tendons

59
Q

__________ is determined by the number of fibers recruited to contract, frequency of stimulation, thickness of each muscle fiber ( thicker is stronger), and the initial length of the fiber at rest.

A

Muscle strength

60
Q

_____ is maximal when sarcomeres are at normal resting length.

A

Tension

61
Q

Increasing or decreasing sarcomeres length will _______ the muscle tension.

A

Decrease

62
Q

Where do muscles get their energy when they are at rest or mild exercise?

A

Fatty acids

63
Q

Where do muscles get their energy for moderate exercise?

A

Glycogen stores

64
Q

Where do muscles get their energy from for heavy exercise?

A

Blood glucose

65
Q

Determines whether a given exercise is light, moderate, or heavy for a given person Is called?

A

Maximal oxygen uptake

66
Q

________ is determined by a person’s age, sex, size, and athletic training.

A

Maximal oxygen uptake

67
Q

________ is another way to determine exercise intensity for a given person.

A

Lactate threshold

68
Q

When a person exercises, _______ is withdrawn from reserves in hemoglobin and myoglobin.

A

Oxygen

69
Q

Breathing rate continues to be ______ after exercise to repay this debt.

A

Elevated

70
Q

The first 1 to 2 minutes of moderate to heavy exercise relies on ____ for ATP production.

A

Anaerobic respiration of glucose

71
Q

What twitch caused slower contraction speed, can sustain contraction for long periods without fatigue, rich capillary supply, more mitochondria, more respiratory enzymes, and more myoglobin(slow,red fibers)?

A

Slow (type I)

72
Q

What twitch has high oxidative capacity?

A

Slow (type I)

73
Q

What twitch has faster contraction speed, fatigue fast, fewer capillaries, mitochondria, respiratory enzymes, and less myoglobin?

A

Fast (type II)

74
Q

Type I skeletal muscle fibers have _________.

A

Numerous mitochondria

75
Q

What has a fast-twitch but with high oxidative capacity?

A

Intermediate (type IIA)

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to skeletal muscle fatigue?

A

Increased intracellular K+

77
Q

Adaptation to endurance training decrease in type II and _______ in type IIA muscle fibers.

A

Increase

78
Q

Type II muscle fibrils become thicker due to increased amount of actin and myosin (more sarcomeres) is known as what?

A

Hypertrophy

79
Q

Skeletal muscles have stem cells called ______ located near muscle fibers.

A

Satellite cells

80
Q

_____ is a paracrine regulator that inhibits satellite cells.

A

Myostatin

81
Q

Muscle decline is due to what?

A

Aging

82
Q

_______ is influenced by sensory feedback from muscles and tendons, and stimulation or inhibition from higher motor neurons from the brain.

A

Lower motor neurons

83
Q

What responds to tension that a muscle puts on a tendon?

A

Golgi tendon organs

84
Q

What responds to muscle length?

A

Muscle spindle apparatus

85
Q

The muscle spindle apparatus is associated with _______ ?

A

Intrafusal fibers

86
Q

What are the two types of muscle cells?

A

Nuclear bag fibers, nuclear chain fibers

87
Q

What are two types of sensory cells wrap around the fibers?

A

Primary ( annulospiral)

Secondary ( flower-spray)

88
Q

Innervate extrafusal (contracting) muscle fibers is called?

A

Alpha

89
Q

Innervate Intrafusal (stretch) muscle fibers is called?

A

Gamma

90
Q

The simplest reflex that only involves a sensory neuron synapsing on a motor neuron in the spinal cord is called?

A

Monosynaptic

91
Q

What can be stimulated by striking the patellar ligament in the “knee jerk reflex”?

A

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

92
Q

In the knee jerk reflex, interneurons are also stimulated in the spinal cord to inhibit antagonistic muscles on that limb is known as?

A

Reciprocal innervation

93
Q

More complex reflexes require control of muscles on the contralateral limb is known as? (when you step on a tack)

A

Double reciprocal innervation

94
Q

What sends neurons through the pyramidal tracts?

A

Precentral gyrus

95
Q

What receives information from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs as well as other senses?

A

Cerebellum

96
Q

What also acts to inhibit motor activity through the rubrospinal tract?

A

Basal nuclei

97
Q

______ and ______ muscles are involuntary and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. The contraction is due to the myosin/actin cross bridges stimulated by calcium.

A

Cardiac, smooth

98
Q

_______ muscles are striated, have myosin and actin filaments that form sarcomeres, and contraction occurs by means of sliding thin filaments.

A

Cardiac

99
Q

Unlike skeletal muscle fibers (cells), these fibers are short, branched, and connected via gap junctions called _______.

A

Intercalated discs

100
Q

A ________ is a mass of cardiac muscle cells connected to each other via gap junctions.

A

Myocardium

101
Q

Action potentials that occur at any cell in a myocardium can stimulate all the cells in the _____.

A

Myocardium

102
Q

The _____ of the heart compose one myocardium, and the ______ of the heart compose another myocardium.

A

Atria, ventricles

103
Q

Cardiac muscle can produce action potentials automatically that begin in a region called _______.

A

Pacemaker

104
Q

____ is influenced by autonomic innervation and hormones.

A

Heart rate

105
Q

______ is found in blood vessel walls, bronchioles, digestive organs, urinary and reproductive tracts.

A

Smooth muscle

106
Q

What muscle has no sarcomeres, long actin filaments attached to dense bodies, some myosin filaments, and allows contraction even when greatly stretched?

A

Smooth muscle

107
Q

In smooth muscle cells, _______ functions in a manner analogous to Troponin.

A

Calmodulin

108
Q

Multiple gap junctions that make neighboring cells behave as a unit is known as?

A

Single-unit

109
Q

What require individual nerve innervation (no pacemaker activity)?

A

Multi-unit

110
Q

_______ is released along the length of an autonomic neuron from varicosities.

A

Neurotransmitter

111
Q

The more movable end of a Muscle is called the ______.

A

Insertion

112
Q

The principle muscle responsible for a particular movement is called the _______.

A

Agonist

113
Q

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the _____.

A

Endomysium

114
Q

The structural and functional unit of muscle is the _____.

A

Sarcomere

115
Q

Which of the following do not change in size during muscle contraction?

A

A band

116
Q

Which of the following uses calmodulin part of the ECC process?

A

Smooth muscle

117
Q

Calmodulin take the place of _____ in muscle contraction.

A

Troponin

118
Q

The primary foodstuff for mild exercising muscle is_____.

A

Fatty acids

119
Q

An increase in muscle cell size is called?

A

Hypertrophy

120
Q

Which of the following does not add to the red color of muscle?

A

Mitochondria

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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