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Physiology Final > Ch 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, And Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Ch 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, And Blood Pressure Flashcards

0
Q

Opening of K gates will slow the heartbeat. T/F.

A

True

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1
Q

The first heart sound is associated with the diastole. T/F.

A

False

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2
Q

Resting cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of ____ millivolts.

A

-90

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3
Q

The plateau of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to prolonged movement of ____ ions.

A

Calcium

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4
Q

The _____ wave of the EKG represents the ventricular repolarization.

A

T

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5
Q

All blood vessels are lined with?

A

Endothelial cells

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6
Q

Cardiac output is equal to?

A

Stroke volume x cardiac rate

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7
Q

The average heart rate is?

A

70 bpm

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8
Q

The average stroke volume is?

A

70-80 ml/beat

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9
Q

The average cardiac output is?

A

5,500 ml/minute

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10
Q

Spontaneous _____ occurs at SA node when HCN channels open, allowing Na+ in.

A

Depolarization

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11
Q

Sympathetic norepinephrine (vagus nerve) and adrenal epinephrine keep HCN channels open, _____ heart rate.

A

Increasing

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12
Q

Parasympathetic _______ opens K+ channels, slowing heart rate.

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

The ____ is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. It is sometimes called preload. The stroke volume increases with increased EDV.

A

End diastolic volume

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14
Q

The ____ is the frictional resistance in the arteries.

A

Total peripheral resistance

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15
Q

The ____ is the strength of ventricular contraction.

A

Contractility

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16
Q

What law increased EDV results in increased contractility and thus increased stroke volume?

A

Frank-Starling Law

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17
Q

Increased EDV stretch the myocardium, which increases ____ strength.

A

Contraction

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18
Q

Which control of contractility has sympathetic norepinephrine and adrenal epinephrine that can increase contractility by making more Ca2+ available to sarcomeres?

A

Extrinsic

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19
Q

_____ is controlled by factors that affect venous return, like total blood volume, and venous pressure.

A

End diastolic volume

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20
Q

___ of our body water is found in the cells.

A

2/3

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21
Q

Of the remaining, 80% exists in interstitial spaces and 20% is in the _______.

A

Blood plasma

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22
Q

Urine formation and water intake (drinking) also play a role in _____.

A

Blood volume

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23
Q

_____ is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid outside the capillaries.

A

Net filtration pressure

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24
Q

______ is due to proteins dissolved in fluids.

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

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25
Q

____ is a combination of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure that predicts movement of fluid across capillary membranes.

A

Starling forces

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26
Q

Starling forces predict the movement of fluid out of the capillaries at the _____ and into the capillaries at the ____.

A

Arteriole end

Venule end

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27
Q

____ is excessive accumulations of interstitial fluids.

A

Edema

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28
Q

The formation of urine beings with filtration of fluid through capillaries in the kidneys called ______.

A

Glomeruli

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29
Q

An ______ is produced by hypothalamus and released when osmoreceptors there detect increased plasma osmolarity.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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30
Q

Increased water intake and decreased urine formation increase _____.

A

Blood volume

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31
Q

____ is secreted by adrenal cortex indirectly when blood volume and pressure are reduced.

A

Aldosterone

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32
Q

When blood pressure is low, cells in the kidneys secrets the enzyme renin is known as?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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33
Q

______ raises in blood pressure because of the vasoconstriction of small arteries and arterioles, stimulate thirst center in hypothalamus, and stimulates production of aldosterone in adrenal cortex.

A

Angiotensin II

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34
Q

_____ is produced by the atria of the heart when stretched.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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35
Q

_____ is distributed unequally to different organs due to unequal resistance to blood flow through the organs.

A

Cardiac output

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36
Q

_____ of arterioles provides the greatest resistance to blood flow and can redirect flow to/from particular organs.

A

Vasoconstriction

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37
Q

The _____ increase total peripheral resistance through release of norepinephrine onto smooth muscle of arterioles in the viscera and skin to stimulate vasoconstriction.

A

Sympathetic nerves

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38
Q

____ is released onto skeletal muscles, resulting in increased vasodilation to these tissues.

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Molecules produced by one tissue control another tissue with the same organ is called?

A

Paracrine control

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40
Q

Smooth muscle relaxation influenced by bradykinin, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin I2 to produce ______.

A

Vasodilation

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41
Q

_______ stimulates smooth muscle contraction to produce vasoconstriction and raise total peripheral resistance.

A

Endothelin-1

42
Q

_____ regulation is used by some organs (brain and kidney) to promote constant blood flow when there is fluctuation of blood pressure.

A

Intrinsic

43
Q

Vascular smooth muscle responds to change in arterial blood pressure know as what?

A

Myogenic control mechanisms

44
Q

The _______ supply blood to a massive number of capillaries.

A

Coronary arteries

45
Q

Unlike most organs, blood flow is restricted during _____.

A

Systole

46
Q

_____ tissue also has lots of mitochondria and respiratory enzymes, thus is metabolically very active.

A

Cardiac

47
Q

During exercise, the coronary arteries _____ blood flow from 80 ml to 400 ml/minute/100 g tissue.

A

Increase

48
Q

______ from sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate vasoconstriction, raising vascular resistance at rest.

A

Norepinephrine

49
Q

_____ stimulates vasodilation and thus vascular resistance during exercise.

A

Adrenal epinephrine

50
Q

_____ is enhanced by intrinsic metabolic control mechanisms.

A

Vasodilation

51
Q

Even at rest, ____ muscles still receive 20-25% of the body’s blood supply.

A

Skeletal

52
Q

_____ can increase 5X due to increased cardiac rate.

A

Cardiac output

53
Q

______ can increase some due to increased venous return.

A

Stroke volume

54
Q

In _____ the brain cannot tolerate much variation in blood flow.

A

Cerebral circulation

55
Q

When blood pressure legally, cerebral vessels automatically ______.

A

Dilate

56
Q

When blood pressure rises, cerebral vessels automatically _____.

A

Constrict

57
Q

The ____ can tolerate the greatest fluctuations in blood flow.

A

Skin

58
Q

The skin helps control the body temperature in a changing environment by regulating blood flow is called?

A

Thermoregulation

59
Q

The ____ shunts blood from arterioles directly to the venules.

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses

60
Q

______ is affected by blood volume/stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac rate.

A

Blood pressure

61
Q

______ blood pressure is low because of the large cross sectional area.

A

Capillary

62
Q

_____ can control blood volume and thus stroke volume.

A

Kidneys

63
Q

The _________ stimulates vasoconstriction of arterioles and increased cardiac output.

A

Sympathoadrenal system

64
Q

______ is activated by changes in the blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.

A

Baroreceptor reflex

65
Q

The _____ center controls vasodilation a d contraction.

A

Vasomotor

66
Q

The cardiac center controls ______.

A

Heart rate

67
Q

Fall in blood pressure means an increase in _____ and decrease in ____ activity, resulting in increased heart rate and total peripheral resistance.

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

68
Q

______ are activated by increased venous return to stimulate tachycardia and inhibit ADH release.

A

Atrial stretch reflexes

69
Q

The blood pressure is measured in mmHg by an instrument called a _______.

A

Sphygmomanometer

70
Q

A blood pressure cuff produces turbulent flow of blood in the brachial artery, which can be heard using a stethoscope is called sounds of _______.

A

Korotkoff

71
Q

The cuff is first inflated to beyond systolic blood pressure to pinch off an artery. As pressure is released, the _____ sound is heard at systole and a reading can be taken.

A

First

72
Q

The ____ Korotkoff sound is heard when the pressure in the cuff reaches diastolic pressure and a second reading can be taken.

A

Last

73
Q

The average blood pressure is ____.

A

120/80

74
Q

You you are taking someone’s pulse, you are measuring their ____.

A

Heart rate

75
Q

The difference between blood pressure at systole and at diastole is the ______.

A

Pulse pressure

76
Q

The average pressure in the arteries in one cardiac cycle is the ______.

A

Mean arterial pressure

77
Q

_____ is high blood pressure.

A

Hypertension

78
Q

____ of Americans have hypertension.

A

20%

79
Q

___ can increase the risk of cardiac diseases and stroke.

A

Hypertension

80
Q

Most people fall into the category of _____.

A

Essential hypertension

81
Q

The dangers of _____ are vascular damage within the organs, especially dangerous in the cerebral vessels and leading to stroke.

A

Hypertension

82
Q

_______ occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to match oxygen usage in the tissues.

A

Circulatory shock

83
Q

______ is due to low blood volume from an injury, dehydration, or burns.

A

Hypovolemic shock

84
Q

Dangerously low blood pressure due to an infection is called?

A

Septic shock

85
Q

Severe allergic reactions can cause _______ shock due to production of histamine and resulting vasodilation.

A

Anaphylactic

86
Q

Spinal cord injury or anesthesis can cause ____ shock due to loss of sympathetic stimulation.

A

Neurogenic

87
Q

Cardiac failure can cause _____ shock due to significant myocardial loss.

A

Cardiogenic

88
Q

_______ occurs when cardiac output is not sufficient to maintain blood flow required by the body.

A

Congestive heart failure

89
Q

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to in the heart?

A

B1- adrenergic

90
Q

Acetylcholine bind to ____ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels.

A

Muscarinic, K+

91
Q

The cardiac control center of the _____ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A

Medulla oblongata

92
Q

Cardiac output would be increased by?

A

Positive chronotropic agents

93
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is _____ and colloid osmotic pressure is _____ at the arterial end of a capillary.

A

Higher, lower

94
Q

______ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

Aldosterone

95
Q

Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ___ by the action of the enzyme ____.

A

Angiotensinogen, renin

96
Q

Sweat glands can also secrete _____ that stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature.

A

Bradykinin

97
Q

Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

98
Q

Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?

A

Veins

99
Q

Increased blood pressure stimulates?

A

Decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart

100
Q

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to?

A

Diastolic pressure

101
Q

The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure 128/68 would be?

A

88

102
Q

Secondary hypertension may result from?

A

A renin secreting tumor

103
Q

Cardiogenic shock can result from ?

A

Myocardial infarction

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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