Ch 11: endocrine glands Flashcards
______ are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood.
Endocrine glands
Hormones are carried to ____ having receptors for those hormones.
Targets cells
What four organs to the endocrine glands secrete hormones?
Heart
Liver
Kidneys
Adipose tissue
Amines are derived from tyrosine and _____.
Tryptophan
Hormones from the adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands are all examples of what?
Amines
Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and growth hormone are all examples of what?
Polypeptides and proteins
_____ are long polypeptides bound to carbohydrate.
Glycoproteins
Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are examples of what?
Glycoproteins
____ are lipids derived from cholesterol.
Steroids
Testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol are all examples of what?
Steroids
_____ are secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads.
Steroids
_____ are water soluble, cannot pass through plasma membranes, and must be injected if used as a drug.
Polar hormones
_____ are insoluble in water, can enter target cells directly, include steroids and thyroid hormone, and can be taken orally in pill form.
Nonpolar hormones
Nonpolar hormones are often called _____ hormones.
Lipophilic
______ are inactive hormones that must be cut and spliced together to be active.
Prohormones
What is an example of a prohormone?
Insulin
______ are inactive hormones that must be modified within their target cells.
Prohormones
Hormones and neurotransmitters both interact with specific ____.
Receptors
Binding to a receptor causes a change with the _____.
Cell
A ______ is usually responsive to several different hormones.
Target cell
_____ may be antagonistic, synergistic, or permissive.
Hormones
How a cell responds depends on the amount of ____ and the combination of all hormones.
Hormone
______ occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect.
Synergistic Effect
Synergistic effects may be addictive, as when epinephrine and norepinephrine each affect the ____ in the same way.
Heart
Producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin are all examples of what?
Synergistic Effects
______ occurs when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone.
Permissive Effects
Exposure to estrogen makes the ____ more responsive to progesterone.
Uterus
______ occurs when hormones work in opposite directions.
Antagonistic Effects
Insulin and glycogen both affect _______.
Adipose tissue
______ stimulates fat storage, while _____ stimulates fat breakdown.
Insulin
Glucagon
The half-life of hormones circulating in the blood ranges from ____ to _____.
Minutes
Hours
Most hormones are removed from the body by the _____.
Liver
______ hormone circulates for several days.
Thyroid
Tissues only respond when hormone concentrations are at a certain _____ level.
Normal
At a _____ pharmacological concentrations, effects may be different than normal.
Higher
Some target cells respond to a particular hormone by _____ the number of receptors it has for that hormone.
Increasing
Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of hormone may result in a _____ number of receptors for that hormone.
Decreased
To avoid desensitization, many hormones are released in spurts called _______.
Pulsatile secretion
Hormones bind to receptors on or in _____.
Target cells
Hormones bind to receptors with a high ______ (strength).
Affinity
Hormones bind to receptors with a low _____ (saturation).
Capacity
Hormones that bind to receptors in the nucleus are _____ steroid hormones and _____ hormone.
Lipophilic
Thyroid
Receptors are found within the nucleus and are called _____.
Nuclear hormone receptors
Theses hormones activate genetic transcription by serving as ________.
Transcription factors
The effect of these hormones is therefore to produce new _____, usually enzymes that change metabolism inside the cell. “Game Changers”.
Proteins
What are two regions of the nuclear hormone receptors?
Ligand (hormone)- binding domain
DNA-binding domain
Binding of the hormone activates the ________, and it binds to a hormone response element on the DNA.
DNA-binding domain
Modern science has identified many “orphan” receptors without a known ____.
Ligand
Steroid hormone actions receptors are located in the _____.
Cytoplasm
After the steroid hormone actions bind, they translocate to the nucleus and bind to ____.
DNA
____ are needed in addition to the steroid hormone.
Molecules
These hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they bind to receptors on the _____.
Cell surface
What are the three possible 2nd messenger mechanisms?
Adenylate cyclase
Phospholipase
Tyrosine kinase
Adenylate cyclase bind to a _____ receptor.
B- adrenergic
______ dissociates in Adenylate cyclase.
G-proteins
Adenylate cyclase uses ______ to make cAMP.
ATP
In Adenylate cyclase, cAMP activates _____.
Protein kinase
Phospholipase C system is used ______ in some cells.
Epinephrine
Phospholipase binds to a ______ receptor.
A-adrenergic
Phospholipase produces IP3 and _____.
DAG
Phospholipase liberates Ca2+ from the ________.
Endoplasmic reticulum
In phospholipase, Ca2+ activates _______.
Calmodulin
Phospholipase activates protein kinases to modify ______.
Enzymes
_____ uses the tyrosine kinase system.
Insulin
In the tyrosine kinase system, the ligand binding site is on the outside of the cell, and the enzyme faces the ____.
Cytoplasm
The enzyme portion of the tyrosine kinase system is activated via _______.
Phosphorylation
The _______ is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is divided into an _______ (adenohypophysis) and a _________ (neurohypophysis).
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
The pituitary hormones are secreted by the _____.
Anterior lobe
In the pituitary glands, the _____ stimulate hormone secretion in other glands.
Trophic hormones
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin are are glands that hormones secrete that are stimulated by the ____.
Trophic hormones
The _______ stores and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Posterior pituitary
The ______ is one of the hormones in the posterior pituitary which promote the retention of water in the kidneys.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The _____ is one of the hormones in the posterior pituitary which stimulate contractions in childbirth.
Oxytocin
_____ and ______ are produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
ADH
Oxytocin
ADH and oxytocin are transported along the axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the _____.
Posterior pituitary
The ADH and oxytocin release is controlled by the ______ reflexes.
Neuroendocrine
The _______ is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
Anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone are the six releasing hormones in the______.
Anterior pituitary
The final hormonal product regulates secretion of ______ hormones.
Pituitary
Inhibition can occur at the _______ level, inhibiting response to hypothalamic hormones.
Pituitary gland
Inhibition can occur at the _____ level, inhibiting secretion of releasing hormones.
Hypothalamus
Since the hypothalamus receives input from higher brain regions, _____ can alter hormone secretion.
Emotions
At least _____ brain regions and olfactory neurons send axons to the GHRH- producing neurons.
26
_____ increase CRH production.
Stressors
Adrenal glands are found atop the _____.
Kidneys
The _____ consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla that function as separate glands.
Adrenal glands
The ______ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to neural stimulation from the hypothalamus.
Adrenal medulla
The _____ secretes steroid hormones in response to ACTH.
Adrenal cortex
Corticosteroids are made from _____.
Cholesterol
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids are three categories of the ______.
Corticosteroids
______ regulate Na+ and K+ balance. Example is aldosterone.
Mineralocorticoids
_____ regulate glucose metabolism. Example is cortisol.
Glucocorticoids
_____ are weak androgens that supplement those made in the gonads.
Sex steroids
What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
The adrenal medulla hormones contai______ and ______.
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla hormones are activated with the ______ response.
Sympathetic
The adrenal medulla hormones have effects similar to sympathetic innervation but lasting _____ times longer.
10
The ______ increase cardiac output, respiratory rate, and mental alterness. It also dilates the coronary blood vessels and elevates metabolic rates.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla hormones
_____ increases secretion of ACTH, which results in increased glucocorticoid release.
Stress
When stress increases secretion of ACTH which results in an increased glucocorticoid release is called ______.
General adaptation syndrome
The ______ is good for proper recovery after stress, such as an illness or trauma.
General adaptation syndrome
_____ helps inhibit the immune system so it does not overrespond.
Cortisol
______ leads to an increased risk of illness.
Chronic stress
______ may act on higher brain regions, contributing to depressing and anxiety.
Cortisol
By stimulating the ____ to release glucose, insulin receptors may become resistant, making it harder to treat people with diabetes.
Liver
The ____ is located just below the larynx.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland consists of hallow spaces called _____ lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Thyroid follicles
In the thyroid gland, the interior of the follicles is filled with a fluid called _____.
Colloid
In the thyroid gland, the outside of the follicles are _________.
Parafollicular cells
_____ is made by the follicular cells.
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid follicles actively accumulate iodine and secrete it into the _____.
Colloid
The _____ is attached to tyrosines within the thyroglobulin molecule.
Iodine
_____ iodine produces monoiodotyrosine.
One
______ iodines produce diiodotyrosine.
Two
The ______ stimulates protein synthesis.
Thyroid hormone
_____ promotes maturation of the nervous system.
Thyroid hormone
The _____ increases rate of cellular respiration, which elevates basal metabolic rate.
Thyroid hormone
The _____ is made by the parafollicular cells.
Calcitonin
_____ inhibits dissolution of calcium from bone and stimulates excretion of calcium in the kidneys to lower blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin
______ leads to overstimulation of the thyroid gland and growth of a goiter.
Iodine deficiency
______ is low metabolic rates, weight gain and lethargy, poor adaptation to cold stress, and myxedema.
Hypothyroidism
____ are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid gland
The _______ promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine.
Parathyroid hormone
The _____ is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
Pancreas
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in the ______.
Islets of Langerhans
The alpha cells in the endocrine cells of the pancreas contain _____.
Glucagon
The beta cells n the endocrine cells of the pancreas contain ____.
Insulin
____ is secreted by beta cells when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary meal.
Insulin
The purpose of _____ is to lower blood glucose levels to the “normal” range.
Insulin
Insulin binds to receptors on _____.
Target cells
Insulin occurs in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the ____.
Liver
_____ indirectly stimulates the enzyme glycogen synthase in liver and skeletal muscles to promote sugar storage.
Insulin
Insulin stimulates adipose tissue to _____.
Store fat
____ is an antagonistic to insulin.
Glucagon
_____ is secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low.
Glucagon
The purpose of ____ is to raise blood glucose levels to a “normal” range.
Glucagon
Glucagon stimulates the _____ to hydrolyze glucagon into glucose and release it into the blood.
Liver
____ stimulates gluconeogenesis, conversion of noncarbohydratese into glucose.
Glucagon
Glucagon stimulates ____ in adipose tissue so fat is release and used as a fuel source instead of glucose.
Lipolysis
The _____ is located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland secreted the hormone _____.
Melatonin
The _____ is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus that stimulates melatonin production when it gets darker.
Pineal gland
The _____ is where several hormones are made in the organs of the intestinal tract to regulate iterative processes.
Intestinal tract
The _____ produce testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
Gonads
The ____ and ____ are both involved in short range signaling between neighboring cells within an organ.
Autocrine
Paracrine signals
The ______ is where the sender and receiver are the same cell type.
Autocrine signal
The ____ is where the sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues.
Paracrine signals
Many regulatory molecules are called cytokines or _____.
Growth factors
____ is made from arachidonic acid released for phospholipids in the plasma membrane.
Prostaglandins
The ____ system promotes inflammation.
Immune
The ___ system aids ovulation.
Reproductive
The _____ system inhibits secretion and stimulates propulsion and absorption.
Digestive
The _____system aids bronchoconstriction and dilation.
Respiratory
The _____ system affects vasoconstriction and dilation, blood clotting.
Circulation
The _____ system increases blood flow to the kidneys, which increases exciting of urine.
Urinary
_____ inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase.
NSAID
The side effects of NSAID include gastric bleeding, kidney problems, and _____.
Less clotting
What is the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?
Aspirin
COX1 is found in the stomach and _____.
Kidneys
Adenylate cyclase is used by _____ and _____.
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
COX2 is involved in ______.
Inflammation
Phospholipase C system is used ______ in some cells.
Epinephrine
The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate and for promoting the maturation of the brain is?
Thyroxine
Steroid hormones are secreted by?
Adrenal cortex and gonads
The secretion of which of these hormones would be increased in a person with endemic goiter?
TSH
Which of these hormones uses a cAMP as a second messenger?
Epinephrine
Which of these terms best describes the interactions of insulin and glucagon?
Antagonistic
Which of these correctly describes the role of inositol triphosphate in hormone secretion?
It stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum
Which of these hormones may have a primary role in many circadian rhythms?
Melatonin
