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Physiology Final > Ch 11: endocrine glands > Flashcards

Ch 11: endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

______ are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood.

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Hormones are carried to ____ having receptors for those hormones.

A

Targets cells

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3
Q

What four organs to the endocrine glands secrete hormones?

A

Heart
Liver
Kidneys
Adipose tissue

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4
Q

Amines are derived from tyrosine and _____.

A

Tryptophan

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5
Q

Hormones from the adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands are all examples of what?

A

Amines

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6
Q

Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and growth hormone are all examples of what?

A

Polypeptides and proteins

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7
Q

_____ are long polypeptides bound to carbohydrate.

A

Glycoproteins

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8
Q

Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are examples of what?

A

Glycoproteins

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9
Q

____ are lipids derived from cholesterol.

A

Steroids

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10
Q

Testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol are all examples of what?

A

Steroids

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11
Q

_____ are secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads.

A

Steroids

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12
Q

_____ are water soluble, cannot pass through plasma membranes, and must be injected if used as a drug.

A

Polar hormones

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13
Q

_____ are insoluble in water, can enter target cells directly, include steroids and thyroid hormone, and can be taken orally in pill form.

A

Nonpolar hormones

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14
Q

Nonpolar hormones are often called _____ hormones.

A

Lipophilic

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15
Q

______ are inactive hormones that must be cut and spliced together to be active.

A

Prohormones

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16
Q

What is an example of a prohormone?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

______ are inactive hormones that must be modified within their target cells.

A

Prohormones

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18
Q

Hormones and neurotransmitters both interact with specific ____.

A

Receptors

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19
Q

Binding to a receptor causes a change with the _____.

A

Cell

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20
Q

A ______ is usually responsive to several different hormones.

A

Target cell

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21
Q

_____ may be antagonistic, synergistic, or permissive.

A

Hormones

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22
Q

How a cell responds depends on the amount of ____ and the combination of all hormones.

A

Hormone

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23
Q

______ occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect.

A

Synergistic Effect

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24
Q

Synergistic effects may be addictive, as when epinephrine and norepinephrine each affect the ____ in the same way.

A

Heart

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25
Q

Producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin are all examples of what?

A

Synergistic Effects

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26
Q

______ occurs when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone.

A

Permissive Effects

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27
Q

Exposure to estrogen makes the ____ more responsive to progesterone.

A

Uterus

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28
Q

______ occurs when hormones work in opposite directions.

A

Antagonistic Effects

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29
Q

Insulin and glycogen both affect _______.

A

Adipose tissue

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30
Q

______ stimulates fat storage, while _____ stimulates fat breakdown.

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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31
Q

The half-life of hormones circulating in the blood ranges from ____ to _____.

A

Minutes

Hours

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32
Q

Most hormones are removed from the body by the _____.

A

Liver

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33
Q

______ hormone circulates for several days.

A

Thyroid

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34
Q

Tissues only respond when hormone concentrations are at a certain _____ level.

A

Normal

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35
Q

At a _____ pharmacological concentrations, effects may be different than normal.

A

Higher

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36
Q

Some target cells respond to a particular hormone by _____ the number of receptors it has for that hormone.

A

Increasing

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37
Q

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of hormone may result in a _____ number of receptors for that hormone.

A

Decreased

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38
Q

To avoid desensitization, many hormones are released in spurts called _______.

A

Pulsatile secretion

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39
Q

Hormones bind to receptors on or in _____.

A

Target cells

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40
Q

Hormones bind to receptors with a high ______ (strength).

A

Affinity

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41
Q

Hormones bind to receptors with a low _____ (saturation).

A

Capacity

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42
Q

Hormones that bind to receptors in the nucleus are _____ steroid hormones and _____ hormone.

A

Lipophilic

Thyroid

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43
Q

Receptors are found within the nucleus and are called _____.

A

Nuclear hormone receptors

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44
Q

Theses hormones activate genetic transcription by serving as ________.

A

Transcription factors

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45
Q

The effect of these hormones is therefore to produce new _____, usually enzymes that change metabolism inside the cell. “Game Changers”.

A

Proteins

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46
Q

What are two regions of the nuclear hormone receptors?

A

Ligand (hormone)- binding domain

DNA-binding domain

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47
Q

Binding of the hormone activates the ________, and it binds to a hormone response element on the DNA.

A

DNA-binding domain

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48
Q

Modern science has identified many “orphan” receptors without a known ____.

A

Ligand

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49
Q

Steroid hormone actions receptors are located in the _____.

A

Cytoplasm

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50
Q

After the steroid hormone actions bind, they translocate to the nucleus and bind to ____.

A

DNA

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51
Q

____ are needed in addition to the steroid hormone.

A

Molecules

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52
Q

These hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they bind to receptors on the _____.

A

Cell surface

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53
Q

What are the three possible 2nd messenger mechanisms?

A

Adenylate cyclase
Phospholipase
Tyrosine kinase

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54
Q

Adenylate cyclase bind to a _____ receptor.

A

B- adrenergic

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55
Q

______ dissociates in Adenylate cyclase.

A

G-proteins

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56
Q

Adenylate cyclase uses ______ to make cAMP.

A

ATP

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57
Q

In Adenylate cyclase, cAMP activates _____.

A

Protein kinase

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58
Q

Phospholipase C system is used ______ in some cells.

A

Epinephrine

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59
Q

Phospholipase binds to a ______ receptor.

A

A-adrenergic

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60
Q

Phospholipase produces IP3 and _____.

A

DAG

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61
Q

Phospholipase liberates Ca2+ from the ________.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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62
Q

In phospholipase, Ca2+ activates _______.

A

Calmodulin

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63
Q

Phospholipase activates protein kinases to modify ______.

A

Enzymes

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64
Q

_____ uses the tyrosine kinase system.

A

Insulin

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65
Q

In the tyrosine kinase system, the ligand binding site is on the outside of the cell, and the enzyme faces the ____.

A

Cytoplasm

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66
Q

The enzyme portion of the tyrosine kinase system is activated via _______.

A

Phosphorylation

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67
Q

The _______ is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

A

Pituitary gland

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68
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into an _______ (adenohypophysis) and a _________ (neurohypophysis).

A

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe

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69
Q

The pituitary hormones are secreted by the _____.

A

Anterior lobe

70
Q

In the pituitary glands, the _____ stimulate hormone secretion in other glands.

A

Trophic hormones

71
Q

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin are are glands that hormones secrete that are stimulated by the ____.

A

Trophic hormones

72
Q

The _______ stores and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus.

A

Posterior pituitary

73
Q

The ______ is one of the hormones in the posterior pituitary which promote the retention of water in the kidneys.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

74
Q

The _____ is one of the hormones in the posterior pituitary which stimulate contractions in childbirth.

A

Oxytocin

75
Q

_____ and ______ are produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

A

ADH

Oxytocin

76
Q

ADH and oxytocin are transported along the axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to the _____.

A

Posterior pituitary

77
Q

The ADH and oxytocin release is controlled by the ______ reflexes.

A

Neuroendocrine

78
Q

The _______ is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

A

Anterior pituitary

79
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone are the six releasing hormones in the______.

A

Anterior pituitary

80
Q

The final hormonal product regulates secretion of ______ hormones.

A

Pituitary

81
Q

Inhibition can occur at the _______ level, inhibiting response to hypothalamic hormones.

A

Pituitary gland

82
Q

Inhibition can occur at the _____ level, inhibiting secretion of releasing hormones.

A

Hypothalamus

83
Q

Since the hypothalamus receives input from higher brain regions, _____ can alter hormone secretion.

A

Emotions

84
Q

At least _____ brain regions and olfactory neurons send axons to the GHRH- producing neurons.

A

26

85
Q

_____ increase CRH production.

A

Stressors

86
Q

Adrenal glands are found atop the _____.

A

Kidneys

87
Q

The _____ consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla that function as separate glands.

A

Adrenal glands

88
Q

The ______ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to neural stimulation from the hypothalamus.

A

Adrenal medulla

89
Q

The _____ secretes steroid hormones in response to ACTH.

A

Adrenal cortex

90
Q

Corticosteroids are made from _____.

A

Cholesterol

91
Q

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids are three categories of the ______.

A

Corticosteroids

92
Q

______ regulate Na+ and K+ balance. Example is aldosterone.

A

Mineralocorticoids

93
Q

_____ regulate glucose metabolism. Example is cortisol.

A

Glucocorticoids

94
Q

_____ are weak androgens that supplement those made in the gonads.

A

Sex steroids

95
Q

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

96
Q

The adrenal medulla hormones contai______ and ______.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

97
Q

The adrenal medulla hormones are activated with the ______ response.

A

Sympathetic

98
Q

The adrenal medulla hormones have effects similar to sympathetic innervation but lasting _____ times longer.

A

10

99
Q

The ______ increase cardiac output, respiratory rate, and mental alterness. It also dilates the coronary blood vessels and elevates metabolic rates.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla hormones

100
Q

_____ increases secretion of ACTH, which results in increased glucocorticoid release.

A

Stress

101
Q

When stress increases secretion of ACTH which results in an increased glucocorticoid release is called ______.

A

General adaptation syndrome

102
Q

The ______ is good for proper recovery after stress, such as an illness or trauma.

A

General adaptation syndrome

103
Q

_____ helps inhibit the immune system so it does not overrespond.

A

Cortisol

104
Q

______ leads to an increased risk of illness.

A

Chronic stress

105
Q

______ may act on higher brain regions, contributing to depressing and anxiety.

A

Cortisol

106
Q

By stimulating the ____ to release glucose, insulin receptors may become resistant, making it harder to treat people with diabetes.

A

Liver

107
Q

The ____ is located just below the larynx.

A

Thyroid gland

108
Q

The thyroid gland consists of hallow spaces called _____ lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

Thyroid follicles

109
Q

In the thyroid gland, the interior of the follicles is filled with a fluid called _____.

A

Colloid

110
Q

In the thyroid gland, the outside of the follicles are _________.

A

Parafollicular cells

111
Q

_____ is made by the follicular cells.

A

Thyroglobulin

112
Q

Thyroid follicles actively accumulate iodine and secrete it into the _____.

A

Colloid

113
Q

The _____ is attached to tyrosines within the thyroglobulin molecule.

A

Iodine

114
Q

_____ iodine produces monoiodotyrosine.

A

One

115
Q

______ iodines produce diiodotyrosine.

A

Two

116
Q

The ______ stimulates protein synthesis.

A

Thyroid hormone

117
Q

_____ promotes maturation of the nervous system.

A

Thyroid hormone

118
Q

The _____ increases rate of cellular respiration, which elevates basal metabolic rate.

A

Thyroid hormone

119
Q

The _____ is made by the parafollicular cells.

A

Calcitonin

120
Q

_____ inhibits dissolution of calcium from bone and stimulates excretion of calcium in the kidneys to lower blood calcium levels.

A

Calcitonin

121
Q

______ leads to overstimulation of the thyroid gland and growth of a goiter.

A

Iodine deficiency

122
Q

______ is low metabolic rates, weight gain and lethargy, poor adaptation to cold stress, and myxedema.

A

Hypothyroidism

123
Q

____ are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland.

A

Parathyroid gland

124
Q

The _______ promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine.

A

Parathyroid hormone

125
Q

The _____ is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

A

Pancreas

126
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in the ______.

A

Islets of Langerhans

127
Q

The alpha cells in the endocrine cells of the pancreas contain _____.

A

Glucagon

128
Q

The beta cells n the endocrine cells of the pancreas contain ____.

A

Insulin

129
Q

____ is secreted by beta cells when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary meal.

A

Insulin

130
Q

The purpose of _____ is to lower blood glucose levels to the “normal” range.

A

Insulin

131
Q

Insulin binds to receptors on _____.

A

Target cells

132
Q

Insulin occurs in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the ____.

A

Liver

133
Q

_____ indirectly stimulates the enzyme glycogen synthase in liver and skeletal muscles to promote sugar storage.

A

Insulin

134
Q

Insulin stimulates adipose tissue to _____.

A

Store fat

135
Q

____ is an antagonistic to insulin.

A

Glucagon

136
Q

_____ is secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low.

A

Glucagon

137
Q

The purpose of ____ is to raise blood glucose levels to a “normal” range.

A

Glucagon

138
Q

Glucagon stimulates the _____ to hydrolyze glucagon into glucose and release it into the blood.

A

Liver

139
Q

____ stimulates gluconeogenesis, conversion of noncarbohydratese into glucose.

A

Glucagon

140
Q

Glucagon stimulates ____ in adipose tissue so fat is release and used as a fuel source instead of glucose.

A

Lipolysis

141
Q

The _____ is located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain.

A

Pineal gland

142
Q

The pineal gland secreted the hormone _____.

A

Melatonin

143
Q

The _____ is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus that stimulates melatonin production when it gets darker.

A

Pineal gland

144
Q

The _____ is where several hormones are made in the organs of the intestinal tract to regulate iterative processes.

A

Intestinal tract

145
Q

The _____ produce testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

A

Gonads

146
Q

The ____ and ____ are both involved in short range signaling between neighboring cells within an organ.

A

Autocrine

Paracrine signals

147
Q

The ______ is where the sender and receiver are the same cell type.

A

Autocrine signal

148
Q

The ____ is where the sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues.

A

Paracrine signals

149
Q

Many regulatory molecules are called cytokines or _____.

A

Growth factors

150
Q

____ is made from arachidonic acid released for phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

A

Prostaglandins

151
Q

The ____ system promotes inflammation.

A

Immune

152
Q

The ___ system aids ovulation.

A

Reproductive

153
Q

The _____ system inhibits secretion and stimulates propulsion and absorption.

A

Digestive

154
Q

The _____system aids bronchoconstriction and dilation.

A

Respiratory

155
Q

The _____ system affects vasoconstriction and dilation, blood clotting.

A

Circulation

156
Q

The _____ system increases blood flow to the kidneys, which increases exciting of urine.

A

Urinary

157
Q

_____ inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase.

A

NSAID

158
Q

The side effects of NSAID include gastric bleeding, kidney problems, and _____.

A

Less clotting

159
Q

What is the most common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?

A

Aspirin

160
Q

COX1 is found in the stomach and _____.

A

Kidneys

161
Q

Adenylate cyclase is used by _____ and _____.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

162
Q

COX2 is involved in ______.

A

Inflammation

163
Q

Phospholipase C system is used ______ in some cells.

A

Epinephrine

164
Q

The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate and for promoting the maturation of the brain is?

A

Thyroxine

165
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by?

A

Adrenal cortex and gonads

166
Q

The secretion of which of these hormones would be increased in a person with endemic goiter?

A

TSH

167
Q

Which of these hormones uses a cAMP as a second messenger?

A

Epinephrine

168
Q

Which of these terms best describes the interactions of insulin and glucagon?

A

Antagonistic

169
Q

Which of these correctly describes the role of inositol triphosphate in hormone secretion?

A

It stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum

170
Q

Which of these hormones may have a primary role in many circadian rhythms?

A

Melatonin

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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