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Physiology Final > Ch 13: Blood, Heart, And Circulation > Flashcards

Ch 13: Blood, Heart, And Circulation Flashcards

0
Q

Each RBC lives about ____ days.

A

120

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1
Q

Which of the following contains the antibodies?

A

Gamma globulins

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2
Q

A monocyte is a granular leukocyte. T/F

A

False

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3
Q

Which organ produces erythropoietin?

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

The intrinsic clotting cascade beings with which factor?

A

Factor XII

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5
Q

What are the three circulatory system functions?

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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6
Q

Respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes are under which circulatory system function?

A

Transportation

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7
Q

Hormonal and temperature are under which circulatory system function?

A

Regulation

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8
Q

Clotting and immune are under which circulatory system function?

A

Protection

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9
Q

What are the two circulatory system components?

A

Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

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10
Q

The __________ contains the heart and the blood vessels.

A

Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

The _____ contains the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes).

A

Lymphatic system

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12
Q

_____ is the fluid part of the blood that contains plasma proteins and serum.

A

Plasma

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13
Q

______ creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.

A

Albumin

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14
Q

Some _____ carry lipids.

A

Globulins

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15
Q

_____ have antibodies.

A

Gamma globulins

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16
Q

____ helps in clotting after becoming fibrin.

A

Fibrinogen

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17
Q

What composition of blood carries oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria, have a 120 day life span, and contain hemoglobin and transferrin?

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

What composition of blood has a nuclei and mitochondria?

A

Leukocyte

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19
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all a type of ______.

A

Granular leukocytes

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20
Q

Monocytes and lymphocytes are all a type of _______.

A

Agranular leukocytes

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21
Q

Which composition of blood is the smallest formed element, lacks nuclei, very short lived (5-9 days), clot blood, and need fibrinogen?

A

Platelets

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22
Q

______ is a process of blood cell formation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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23
Q

The _______ is secreted by the kidneys, has low oxygen levels, and initiates erythropoietin.

A

Erythropoiesis

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24
Q

The ____ is secreted by the liver and regulates iron metabolism.

A

Hepcidin

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25
Q

______ are found on the surface of cells to help the immune system recognize self cells.

A

Antigens

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26
Q

_____ are secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells.

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

______ is where the antigens on the erythrocyte cell surfaces.

A

ABO system

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28
Q

What blood type has the A antigen?

A

Type A

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29
Q

What blood type has the B antigen?

A

Type B

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30
Q

What blood type has both the A and B antigens?

A

Type AB

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31
Q

What blood type has neither the A nor the B antigen?

A

Type O

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32
Q

In a _________, a person has antibodies against antigens he does not have.

A

Transfusion reaction

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33
Q

If a person receives the wrong blood type, antibodies bind to erythrocytes and cause ________.

A

Agglutination

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34
Q

______ can be used for blood typing.

A

Agglutination

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35
Q

An Rh- mother exposed to Rh+ fetal blood produces ______.

A

Antibodies

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36
Q

______ is the cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

A

Hemostasis

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37
Q

Intact endothelium secretes prostacyclin and ______, which vasodilate and inhibit platelet aggregation.

A

Nitric oxide

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38
Q

Activated by exposure to collagen is known as _______.

A

Intrinsic

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39
Q

______ activates a cascade of other blood factors.

A

Factor XII

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40
Q

_____ is initiated by tissue factor (factor III or tissue thromboplastin). This is a more direct pathway.

A

Extrinsic

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41
Q

What vitamin is needed for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?

A

Vitamin K

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42
Q

What three drugs can be used to help prevent clotting?

A

Calcium chelators
Heparin (blocks thrombin)
Coumarin (inhibits vitamin K)

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43
Q

The ________ receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

A

Right atrium

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44
Q

The ______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

A

Left atrium

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45
Q

The _______ pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

Right ventricle

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46
Q

The _______ pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

A

Left ventricle

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47
Q

The _________ separates the atria from the ventricles. The atria therefore work as one unit, while the ventricles work as a separate unit.

A

Fibrous skeleton

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48
Q

The ______ hold in the heart valves.

A

Annuli fibrosi

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49
Q

The _____ circulation is between the heart and the lungs

A

Pulmonary

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50
Q

In the pulmonary circulation, the blood pumps to the lungs via ________.

A

Pulmonary arteries

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51
Q

In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returns to the heart via _____.

A

Pulmonary veins

52
Q

The ______ circulation is between the heart and body tissues.

A

Systemic

53
Q

In the systemic circulation, the blood pumps to body tissues via the _____.

A

Aorta

54
Q

In the systemic circulation, the blood returns to the heart via the _______ and ______.

A

Superior and inferior venae cavae

55
Q

The _____ is located between the atria and the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular valves

56
Q

The _____ is between the right atrium and the ventricle.

A

Tricuspid

57
Q

The ________ is between the left atrium and ventricle

A

Bicuspid

58
Q

The ________ are located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart.

A

Semilunar valves

59
Q

The _____ is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

A

Pulmomary

60
Q

The ______ is between the left ventricle and aorta.

A

Aortic

61
Q

Heart sounds are produced by ______ valves.

A

Closing

62
Q

“Lub” is the closing of the ________ valves. Occurs at ventricular systole.

A

Atrioventricular

63
Q

“Dub” is the closing of the _______ valves. Occurs at ventricular diastole.

A

Semilunar

64
Q

Mitral valve calcified and impairs flow between the left atrium and ventricle is known as?

A

Mitral stenosis

65
Q

________ valves do not close properly.

A

Incompetent

66
Q

________ are holes in the interventricular or interatrial septum.

A

Septal Defects

67
Q

______ is the contraction of the heart muscles.

A

Systole

68
Q

____ is the relaxation of the heart muscles.

A

Diastole

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of venous blood?

A

Always has lower oxygen content

70
Q

How much blood does the average-sized adult have?

A

5 liters

71
Q

Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen?

A

Heme part of hemoglobin

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT a granular leukocyte?

A

Monocyte

73
Q

The process of blood formation is?

A

Hematopoiesis

74
Q

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

A

Kidneys

75
Q

When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient’s blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called?

A

Agglutination

76
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when?

A

The mother has Rh- and the fetus has Rh+ blood.

77
Q

What ion is necessary for the clotting process?

A

Ca2+

78
Q

Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing?

A

Platelet plug formation

79
Q

What is the enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?

A

Thrombin

80
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the?

A

Stroke volume

81
Q

During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure

82
Q

What occurs when the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria?

A

AV valves open

83
Q

_______ also known as the “pacemaker” is located in the right atrium.

A

Sinoatrial node

84
Q

At _____, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering action potential and contraction.

A

-40 mV

85
Q

______ and ______ increase the production of cAMP, which keeps Na+ channels open. Speeds heart rate.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

86
Q

Parasympathetic neurons secrete ______, which opens K+ channels. Slows heart rate.

A

Acetylcholine

87
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of ______.

A

-90 mV

88
Q

Voltage gated channels open, and membrane potential plateaus at _____ for 200-300 msec. Due to the balance between slow ____ of Ca2+ and ____ of K+.

A

15 mV
Influx
Efflux

89
Q

In the _____ the bundle of His divides into bumble branches.

A

Interventricular septum

90
Q

Branch bundles become ____, which stimulate ventricular contraction.

A

Purkinje fibers

91
Q

What instrument records the electrical activity of the heart by picking up the movement of ions in body tissues in response to this activity?

A

Electrocardiogram

92
Q

____ wave is atrial depolarization.

A

P

93
Q

____ wave is the ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS

94
Q

The ____ segment is the plateau phase.

A

S-T

95
Q

___ wave is the ventricular repolarization.

A

T

96
Q

Which lead is between the right arm and the right leg?

A

Lead I

97
Q

Which lead is between the right arm and the left leg?

A

Lead II

98
Q

Which lead is between the left arm and the left leg?

A

Lead III

99
Q

How many chest leads are there?

A

Six

100
Q

Lub occurs after the ____ wave.

A

QRS

101
Q

Dub occurs at the beginning of the _____ wave.

A

T

102
Q

What are the 5 different blood vessels?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
103
Q

The _____ is the inner layer that is composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and connective tissue.

A

Tunica intima

104
Q

The ____ is the middle layer that is composed of smooth muscle tissue.

A

Tunica media

105
Q

The ____ is the outer layer that is composed of connective tissue.

A

Tunica external

106
Q

The ____ are closer to the heart, and allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when the ventricles relax.

A

Elastic arteries

107
Q

The _____ are farther from the heart, and have more smooth muscle in proportion to diameter. It also has more resistance due to smaller lumina.

A

Muscular arteries

108
Q

The _____ are 20-30 um in diameter.

A

Arterioles

109
Q

The ____ have a diameter of 7-10 um.

A

Smallest blood vessel

110
Q

_____ are where gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissue.

A

Capillaries

111
Q

_______ capillaries have adjacent cells that are close together. They are found in the muscles, adipose tissue, and CNS.

A

Continuous

112
Q

The ______ capillaries have pores in the vessel wall, and are found in the kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.

A

Fenestrated

113
Q

_____ capillaries have gaps between the cells, and are found n bone marrow, liver, and the spleen. It allows the passage of proteins.

A

Discontinuous

114
Q

_____ is the muscles surrounding the veins that help pump blood.

A

Skeletal muscle pumps

115
Q

_____ ensures one-directional flow of blood.

A

Venous valves

116
Q

______ is the flattening of the diaphragm at inhalation increases abdominal cavity pressure in relation to thoracic pressure and moves blood toward the heart.

A

Breathing

117
Q

______ contributes to 50% of the deaths due to heart attack and stroke.

A

Atherosclerosis

118
Q

_____ is caused by smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

A

Atherosclerosis

119
Q

Low density lipoproteins carry ____ to arteries.

A

Cholesterol

120
Q

High density lipoproteins carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the ____ for metabolism.

A

Liver

121
Q

______ is now believed to be an inflammatory disease.

A

Atherosclerosis

122
Q

_____ is a condition characterized by inadequate oxygen due to reduced blood flow.

A

Ischemia

123
Q

The ______ function is to transport excess interstitial fluid from the tissues to the veins, produce and house lymphocytes for the immune response, and transport absorbed fats from intestines to the blood.

A

Lymphatic system

124
Q

The _______ are the smallest vessels in he lymphatic system, and are found within most organs. Interstitial fluids, proteins, fats, and microorganisms can enter here.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

125
Q

The ____ are formed from merging capillaries.

A

Lymph ducts

126
Q

The thoracic trunk an the right lymphatic trunk deliver lymph into the __________.

A

Right and left subclavian veins

127
Q

The three organs of the lymphatic system are?

A

Tonsils, thymus, spleen

128
Q

The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by?

A

Inward diffusion of Ca2+

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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