Ch 13: Blood, Heart, And Circulation Flashcards
Each RBC lives about ____ days.
120
Which of the following contains the antibodies?
Gamma globulins
A monocyte is a granular leukocyte. T/F
False
Which organ produces erythropoietin?
Kidneys
The intrinsic clotting cascade beings with which factor?
Factor XII
What are the three circulatory system functions?
Transportation, regulation, protection
Respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes are under which circulatory system function?
Transportation
Hormonal and temperature are under which circulatory system function?
Regulation
Clotting and immune are under which circulatory system function?
Protection
What are the two circulatory system components?
Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system
The __________ contains the heart and the blood vessels.
Cardiovascular system
The _____ contains the lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes).
Lymphatic system
_____ is the fluid part of the blood that contains plasma proteins and serum.
Plasma
______ creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.
Albumin
Some _____ carry lipids.
Globulins
_____ have antibodies.
Gamma globulins
____ helps in clotting after becoming fibrin.
Fibrinogen
What composition of blood carries oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria, have a 120 day life span, and contain hemoglobin and transferrin?
Erythrocytes
What composition of blood has a nuclei and mitochondria?
Leukocyte
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all a type of ______.
Granular leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes are all a type of _______.
Agranular leukocytes
Which composition of blood is the smallest formed element, lacks nuclei, very short lived (5-9 days), clot blood, and need fibrinogen?
Platelets
______ is a process of blood cell formation.
Hematopoiesis
The _______ is secreted by the kidneys, has low oxygen levels, and initiates erythropoietin.
Erythropoiesis
The ____ is secreted by the liver and regulates iron metabolism.
Hepcidin
______ are found on the surface of cells to help the immune system recognize self cells.
Antigens
_____ are secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells.
Antibodies
______ is where the antigens on the erythrocyte cell surfaces.
ABO system
What blood type has the A antigen?
Type A
What blood type has the B antigen?
Type B
What blood type has both the A and B antigens?
Type AB
What blood type has neither the A nor the B antigen?
Type O
In a _________, a person has antibodies against antigens he does not have.
Transfusion reaction
If a person receives the wrong blood type, antibodies bind to erythrocytes and cause ________.
Agglutination
______ can be used for blood typing.
Agglutination
An Rh- mother exposed to Rh+ fetal blood produces ______.
Antibodies
______ is the cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
Hemostasis
Intact endothelium secretes prostacyclin and ______, which vasodilate and inhibit platelet aggregation.
Nitric oxide
Activated by exposure to collagen is known as _______.
Intrinsic
______ activates a cascade of other blood factors.
Factor XII
_____ is initiated by tissue factor (factor III or tissue thromboplastin). This is a more direct pathway.
Extrinsic
What vitamin is needed for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
Vitamin K
What three drugs can be used to help prevent clotting?
Calcium chelators
Heparin (blocks thrombin)
Coumarin (inhibits vitamin K)
The ________ receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Right atrium
The ______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Left atrium
The _______ pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Right ventricle
The _______ pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
Left ventricle
The _________ separates the atria from the ventricles. The atria therefore work as one unit, while the ventricles work as a separate unit.
Fibrous skeleton
The ______ hold in the heart valves.
Annuli fibrosi
The _____ circulation is between the heart and the lungs
Pulmonary
In the pulmonary circulation, the blood pumps to the lungs via ________.
Pulmonary arteries
In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returns to the heart via _____.
Pulmonary veins
The ______ circulation is between the heart and body tissues.
Systemic
In the systemic circulation, the blood pumps to body tissues via the _____.
Aorta
In the systemic circulation, the blood returns to the heart via the _______ and ______.
Superior and inferior venae cavae
The _____ is located between the atria and the ventricles.
Atrioventricular valves
The _____ is between the right atrium and the ventricle.
Tricuspid
The ________ is between the left atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid
The ________ are located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart.
Semilunar valves
The _____ is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Pulmomary
The ______ is between the left ventricle and aorta.
Aortic
Heart sounds are produced by ______ valves.
Closing
“Lub” is the closing of the ________ valves. Occurs at ventricular systole.
Atrioventricular
“Dub” is the closing of the _______ valves. Occurs at ventricular diastole.
Semilunar
Mitral valve calcified and impairs flow between the left atrium and ventricle is known as?
Mitral stenosis
________ valves do not close properly.
Incompetent
________ are holes in the interventricular or interatrial septum.
Septal Defects
______ is the contraction of the heart muscles.
Systole
____ is the relaxation of the heart muscles.
Diastole
Which of the following is NOT true of venous blood?
Always has lower oxygen content
How much blood does the average-sized adult have?
5 liters
Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen?
Heme part of hemoglobin
Which of the following is NOT a granular leukocyte?
Monocyte
The process of blood formation is?
Hematopoiesis
What organ secretes erythropoietin?
Kidneys
When the wrong blood type is given to a patient, the antibodies in the patient’s blood react with the antigens on the surface of the transfused blood causing a reaction called?
Agglutination
Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when?
The mother has Rh- and the fetus has Rh+ blood.
What ion is necessary for the clotting process?
Ca2+
Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing?
Platelet plug formation
What is the enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?
Thrombin
The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the?
Stroke volume
During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
What occurs when the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria?
AV valves open
_______ also known as the “pacemaker” is located in the right atrium.
Sinoatrial node
At _____, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering action potential and contraction.
-40 mV
______ and ______ increase the production of cAMP, which keeps Na+ channels open. Speeds heart rate.
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic neurons secrete ______, which opens K+ channels. Slows heart rate.
Acetylcholine
Cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of ______.
-90 mV
Voltage gated channels open, and membrane potential plateaus at _____ for 200-300 msec. Due to the balance between slow ____ of Ca2+ and ____ of K+.
15 mV
Influx
Efflux
In the _____ the bundle of His divides into bumble branches.
Interventricular septum
Branch bundles become ____, which stimulate ventricular contraction.
Purkinje fibers
What instrument records the electrical activity of the heart by picking up the movement of ions in body tissues in response to this activity?
Electrocardiogram
____ wave is atrial depolarization.
P
____ wave is the ventricular depolarization.
QRS
The ____ segment is the plateau phase.
S-T
___ wave is the ventricular repolarization.
T
Which lead is between the right arm and the right leg?
Lead I
Which lead is between the right arm and the left leg?
Lead II
Which lead is between the left arm and the left leg?
Lead III
How many chest leads are there?
Six
Lub occurs after the ____ wave.
QRS
Dub occurs at the beginning of the _____ wave.
T
What are the 5 different blood vessels?
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
The _____ is the inner layer that is composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and connective tissue.
Tunica intima
The ____ is the middle layer that is composed of smooth muscle tissue.
Tunica media
The ____ is the outer layer that is composed of connective tissue.
Tunica external
The ____ are closer to the heart, and allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when the ventricles relax.
Elastic arteries
The _____ are farther from the heart, and have more smooth muscle in proportion to diameter. It also has more resistance due to smaller lumina.
Muscular arteries
The _____ are 20-30 um in diameter.
Arterioles
The ____ have a diameter of 7-10 um.
Smallest blood vessel
_____ are where gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissue.
Capillaries
_______ capillaries have adjacent cells that are close together. They are found in the muscles, adipose tissue, and CNS.
Continuous
The ______ capillaries have pores in the vessel wall, and are found in the kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.
Fenestrated
_____ capillaries have gaps between the cells, and are found n bone marrow, liver, and the spleen. It allows the passage of proteins.
Discontinuous
_____ is the muscles surrounding the veins that help pump blood.
Skeletal muscle pumps
_____ ensures one-directional flow of blood.
Venous valves
______ is the flattening of the diaphragm at inhalation increases abdominal cavity pressure in relation to thoracic pressure and moves blood toward the heart.
Breathing
______ contributes to 50% of the deaths due to heart attack and stroke.
Atherosclerosis
_____ is caused by smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
Atherosclerosis
Low density lipoproteins carry ____ to arteries.
Cholesterol
High density lipoproteins carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the ____ for metabolism.
Liver
______ is now believed to be an inflammatory disease.
Atherosclerosis
_____ is a condition characterized by inadequate oxygen due to reduced blood flow.
Ischemia
The ______ function is to transport excess interstitial fluid from the tissues to the veins, produce and house lymphocytes for the immune response, and transport absorbed fats from intestines to the blood.
Lymphatic system
The _______ are the smallest vessels in he lymphatic system, and are found within most organs. Interstitial fluids, proteins, fats, and microorganisms can enter here.
Lymphatic capillaries
The ____ are formed from merging capillaries.
Lymph ducts
The thoracic trunk an the right lymphatic trunk deliver lymph into the __________.
Right and left subclavian veins
The three organs of the lymphatic system are?
Tonsils, thymus, spleen
The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by?
Inward diffusion of Ca2+
