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Physiology Final > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is divided into the what two parts?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

The central nervous system includes the ____ and _____.

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes the _____ and ______.

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

The nervous system consists of what two kinds of cells?

A

Neurons and Supporting cells (glial cells)

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5
Q

Of the two cells in the nervous system, which one is a functional unit of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Of the two cells in the nervous system, which one maintains homeostasis?

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

Of the two cells in the nervous system, which is 5 times more common than the other?

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

What gathers and transmits information by responding to stimuli, producing and sending electrochemical impulses, and releasing chemical messages?

A

Neurons

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9
Q

What contains a cell body, dendrites, and axons?

A

Neurons

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10
Q

In the neuron, what contains the nucleus?

A

Cell body

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11
Q

The ______ is the nutritional center and makes macromolecules.

A

Cell Body

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12
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the central nervous system are called what?

A

Nuclei

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13
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called what?

A

Ganglia

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14
Q

The _____ are what receive the information and convey it to the cell body.

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

The _____ are what conduct impulses away from the cell body.

A

Axons

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16
Q

The _____ is what moves soluble compounds toward the nerve endings via the rhythmic contraction of axon.

A

Axoplasmic flow

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17
Q

The _____ moves large and insoluble compounds bidirectionally along microtubules very fast.

A

Axonal transport

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18
Q

The _______ moves materials away from the cell body.

A

Anterograde transport

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19
Q

The anterograde transport moves materials away from the cell body using the molecular motor _____.

A

Kinesin

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20
Q

The _______ moves materials towards the cell body.

A

Retrograde transport

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21
Q

The retrograde transport moves materials toward the cell body using the molecular motor _____.

A

Dynein

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22
Q

Which transport can viruses and toxins enter the CNS?

A

Retrograde transport

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23
Q

The _______ neurons conduct impulses into the CNS.

A

Sensory/ Afferent

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24
Q

The _______ neurons carry impulses out of the CNS.

A

Motor/ Efferent

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25
Q

The _______ neurons integrate the nervous system activity, and is located entirely inside the CNS.

A

Association/ Interneurons

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26
Q

In the structural classification neuron ________, the cell body site along side of the single process. Example is a sensory neuron.

A

Pseudounipolar

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27
Q

In the structural classification neuron ______, there is one dendrite and one axon that arises from opposite ends of the cell body. Example is a retinal neuron.

A

Bipolar

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28
Q

In the structural classification neuron _____, there are many dendrites and one axon. Example is motor neurons.

A

Multipolar

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29
Q

What are the two supporting cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann and satellite cells

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30
Q

Of the two supporting cells in the PNS, which one myelinates the PNS axons?

A

Schwann cells

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31
Q

What are the four supporting cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells

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32
Q

Of the supporting cells in the CNS, which one myelinates several CNS axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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33
Q

Of the supporting cells in the CNS, which one appears to be neural stem cells?

A

Ependymal cells

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34
Q

In the PNS, each Schwann cell myelinates _____ of 1 axon by wrapping round and round the axon.

A

1 mm

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the Schwann cells myelinating the axon?

A

Electrically insulates the axon

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36
Q

The uninsulated gap between adjacent Schwann cells are called the _______.

A

Node of Ranvier

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37
Q

Axon regeneration occurs much more readily in which of the two nervous systems?

A

PNS

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38
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce ____ that inhibit regrowth.

A

Proteins

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39
Q

Oligodendrocytes form glial scar tissue that blocks _______.

A

Regrowth

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40
Q

When an axon in the PNS is severed, the distal part of the axon _______.

A

Degenerates

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41
Q

When an axon in the PNS is severed, the Schwann cells survive and form _______.

A

Regeneration Tubes

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42
Q

When the Schwann cells survive the axon being severed, the regeneration tubs releases chemicals that ________.

A

Attract growing axon

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43
Q

Where does the regeneration tube of the Schwann cells guide regrowing axons?

A

To the synaptic site

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44
Q

What promotes fetal nerve growth, is required for survival of many adult neurons, and is important in regeneration?

A

Neurotrophins

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45
Q

What is the most common glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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46
Q

Which supporting cell is involved in buffering K+ levels, recycling neurotransmitters, regulating adult neurogenesis, and releasing transmitters that regulate neuronal activity?

A

Astrocytes

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47
Q

The ______ allows only certain compounds to enter the brain.

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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48
Q

The blood brain barrier appears to be induced by _____.

A

Astrocytes

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49
Q

In the Resting Membrane Potential, at rest Na+/K+ pump and limited permeability keep _____ high outside the cell.

A

K+

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50
Q

In the Resting Membrane Potential, at rest ____ is very permeable and is high inside the cell. This is attracted by negative charges inside the cell.

A

K+

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51
Q

_______ can discharge their RMP quickly by rapid changes in permeability to ions, and neurons and muscles do this to generate and conduct impulses, therefore muscles and nerve cells are considered excitable.

A

Excitable Cells

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52
Q

Membrane potential is measured by placing 1 electrode _______ and 1 ______.

A

Inside the cell and outside the cell

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53
Q

______ occurs when membrane potential becomes more positive.

A

Depolarization

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54
Q

________ in the membrane potential becomes more negative than resting membrane potential.

A

Hyperpolarization

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55
Q

______ is when the membrane potential returns to resting membrane potential.

A

Repolarization

56
Q

Membrane potential occurs by ion flow through ______. Some are normally opened and some closed.

A

Membrane channels

57
Q

_____ leakage channels are always open in the membrane ion channels.

A

K+

58
Q

Closed channels have ______ that can be opened.

A

Molecular gates

59
Q

Voltage gated channels are opened by _______.

A

Depolarization.

60
Q

Voltage gated _____ and ____channels are closed in resting cells.

A

K+ and Na+

61
Q

The RMP is determined to be ____ in most neurons.

A

-70mV

62
Q

A nucleus is a group of _____ in the CNS.

A

Somas

63
Q

A _____ neuron has two processes, one at either end of the soma.

A

Bipolar

64
Q

Each Schwann cell wraps only about ____ of axon, leaving gaps of exposed axon between the adjacent Schwann cells.

A

A millimeter

65
Q

Another name for an association neuron is an ______.

A

Interneuron

66
Q

An ______ is a wave of membrane potential change that sweeps along the axon from some to synapse.

A

Action Potential

67
Q

The wave in an action potential is formed by rapid depolarization of the membrane by Na+ ____ and followed by rapid repolarization by K+ _____.

A

Influx; Efflux

68
Q

The wave in an action potential is formed by rapid depolarization of the membrane by Na+ ____ and followed by rapid repolarization by K+ _____.

A

Influx; Efflux

69
Q

In the mechanism of action potential, in _________ at threshold VG Na+ channels open, Na+ is driven inward by its electrochemical gradient, and causes rapid change in MP from -70 to +30 mV.

A

Depolarization

70
Q

In the mechanism of action potential, in _____ VG Na+ channels close while VG K+ channels open, electrochemical gradient drives K+ outward, and repolarizes axon back to RMP.

A

Repolarization

71
Q

Depolarization and repolarization occur via ______.

A

Diffusion

72
Q

_______ and ______ do not require active transport, and after an action potential Na+/K+ pump extrudes Na+, recovers K+.

A

Depolarization and repolarization

73
Q

When a membrane potential reaches threshold, an ______ is irreversibly fired.

A

Action potential

74
Q

The reason there is an irreversibly fire back in the action potential is because positive feedback opens more and more _______ channels.

A

Na+

75
Q

Shortly after the Na+ channels open, the Na+ channels close and become inactivated until _______.

A

Repolarization

76
Q

The increased stimulus intensity causes more _______ to be fired. The size remains constant.

A

Action Potentials

77
Q

______ refractory period is when the membrane cannot produce another action potential because Na+ channels are inactivated.

A

Absolute

78
Q

_____ refractory period occurs when VG K+ channels are open, making it harder to depolarize to threshold.

A

Relative

79
Q

______ refer to how axons properties affect its ability to conduct currents.

A

Cable Properties

80
Q

Cable properties includes high resistance of ______. The resistance decreases as axons diameter increases.

A

Cytoplasm

81
Q

In cable properties, the current leaks out through _____.

A

Ion channels

82
Q

When conduction is an unmyelinated axon, an ______ reaches threshold and fires AP, its Na+ influx depolarizes adjacent regions to threshold.

A

Axon Hillock

83
Q

When the conduction is a myelinated axon, ____ cant flow across the myelinated membrane, thus no AP’s occur under myelin and no current leaks which increases the current speed.

A

Ions

84
Q

A _____ is a functional connection between a neuron (presynaptic) and another cell (postsynaptic).

A

Synapse

85
Q

What are the two different kinds of synapses?

A

Chemical and electrical

86
Q

Synaptic transmission at chemical synapses is vis ______.

A

Neurotransmitters

87
Q

Which synapse is rare in the nervous system?

A

Electrical synapses

88
Q

In an electrical synapse, depolarization flows from presynaptic into postsynaptic cell through channels called _______.

A

Gap junctions

89
Q

The gap junctions in an electrical synapse are formed by ______ proteins that are found in smooth and cardiac muscles, brain, and glial cells.

A

Connexin

90
Q

The synaptic cleft separates the ______ of the presynaptic from the postsynaptic cell.

A

Terminal Bouton

91
Q

Neurotransmitters in the chemical synapse are located in the _______.

A

Synaptic Vesicles

92
Q

The vesicles fuse with the terminal bouton membrane that release neurotransmitters by ____.

A

Exocytosis

93
Q

The amount of neurotransmitters released in a chemical synapse depends upon the frequency of ________.

A

Action Potentials

94
Q

The AP gets smaller as it travels down the membrane. T/F

A

False

95
Q

All parts of the neuron membrane are capable of carrying action potentials.

A

False

96
Q

The word “saltatory” comes from the Latin word “to climb” and refers to the depolarization phase of the action potential.

A

False

97
Q

In a synaptic transmission, the AP’s travel down the axon to depolarize the ______.

A

Terminal Bouton

98
Q

In a neurotransmitter release, action potentials reach the axon terminal and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal via ________.

A

Voltage Gated Channels

99
Q

When neurotransmitters are release, the Ca2+ binds to sensor proteins in the ______.

A

Cytoplasm

100
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from the vesicles into the ______.

A

Synapse

101
Q

In the synaptic transmission, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptor proteins on the _______ membrane, opening ligand or chemically regulated ion channels.

A

Postsynaptic

102
Q

In the synaptic transmission, ______ channels cause EPSP’s.

A

Depolarizing

103
Q

In the synaptic transmission, _____ channels cause IPSP’s.

A

Hyperpolarizing

104
Q

If a membrane potential in the postsynaptic cell reaches threshold at the ______, a new action potential is generated.

A

Axon Hillock

105
Q

What is the most widely occurring neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

106
Q

Acetylcholine is found in the ____ and ____, and also occurs at all neuromuscular junctions.

A

Brain and ANS

107
Q

Acetylcholine has ____ and ______ receptor subtypes that can be excitatory or inhibitory.

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

108
Q

________ channels contain both a NT receptor site and an ion channel, and opens when ligand (NT) binds.

A

Ligand Gated

109
Q

A nicotinic ACh Channel is formed by 5 ______ subunits.

A

Polypeptide

110
Q

In a G-protein coupled channel, _____ receptors are not part of the ion channel.

A

NT

111
Q

______ ACh channels are the binding of 1 ACh activates G-protein cascade which affects gated K+ channels.

A

Muscarinic

112
Q

In the muscarinic ACh channel, the opening of channels causes ______.

A

Hyperpolarization

113
Q

In the muscarinic ACh channel, the closing of channels causes ______.

A

Depolarization

114
Q

______ inactivates ACh, by terminating its actions and is located in the cleft.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

115
Q

_____ neurons use acetylcholine as NT.

A

Cholinergic

116
Q

The large synapses on skeletal muscles are called _____.

A

Neuromuscular junctions

117
Q

What blocks the ACh action at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Curare

118
Q

Monoamine NT’s include serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and _____.

A

Dopamine

119
Q

Serotonin is derived from _________.

A

Trytophan

120
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are derived from ______.

A

Tyrosine

121
Q

Histamine is derived from an _______.

A

Amino acid

122
Q

_______ is involved in regulation of mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation.

A

Serotonin

123
Q

What are the two major dopamine systems in the brain?

A

Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic

124
Q

Nigrostriatal dopamine system originates in the __________ and is involved in motor control.

A

Substantia nigra

125
Q

The mesolimbic dopamine system is involved in ____ and emotional reward.

A

Behavior

126
Q

Of the two dopamine systems in the brain, which one is activated do to addictions?

A

Mesolimbic

127
Q

Glutamic acid and aspartic acid are major _____ excitatory NT’s.

A

CNS

128
Q

Glycine is an ______ NT.

A

Inhibitory

129
Q

_______ is the most common NT in the brain.

A

GABA

130
Q

Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins are endogenous ____ NT’s.

A

Opioid

131
Q

Neuropeptide ____ is the most common neuropeptide. It inhibits glutamate in the hippocampus, and has a powerful stimulator of appetite.

A

Y

132
Q

______ are the only lipid NT’s.

A

Endocannabinoids

133
Q

NO and CO are _____ NT’s.

A

Gaseous

134
Q

_______ are graded in magnitude, have no threshold, cause depolarization, summate, and have no refractory period.

A

EPSP’s

135
Q

_________ takes place when EPSP’s from different synapses occur in postsynaptic cells at the same time.

A

Spatial Summation

136
Q

________ occurs because EPSP’s that occur closely in time can sum before they fade.

A

Temporal Summation

137
Q

________ occurs when 1 neuron synapses onto an axon or bouton of another neuron, inhibiting release of it NT.

A

Presynaptic Inhibition

Physiology Final (8 decks)

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