Test #1 Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT true of dendrites?
Transmits action potentials toward the cell body
What of the following is true of axons?
Originates at the axon hillock on the cell body
Which of the following is NOT a structural classification?
Motor Neuron
A bundle of axons in the CNS is called?
Tract
The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by?
Schwann Cells
The blood brain barrier results mostly from the action of ____, at type of glial cell.
Astrocytes
The membrane of resting nerve cells is more person to _______ ions than ____ ions.
Potassium, Sodium
Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called?
Voltage gated channels
During an action potential?
Na+ influx causes depolarization
Which ion’s movements is responsible for repolarization?
Outward diffusion of K+
Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by?
a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
_____ synapses occur between axons of presynaptic cells and dendrites and postsynaptic cells.
Axodendritic
Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by?
Blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
What of the following is NOT true of EPSP’s?
They have a refractory period
What action produces an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane?
opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
Destruction of the embryonic _____ will prevent formation of the nervous system.
Ectoderm
Which of the following is the correct list of the lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Insula, Occipital
Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit?
Hearing
Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage?
Delta Waves
During ______ sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur.
REM
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT associated with cerebral nuclei function?
Acetylcholine
Which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem solving?
Prefrontal cortex
The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the ___?
Thalamus
Except for the sense of _____, all sensory information is relayed through the thalamus.
Smell
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Controls motor coordination
The suprachiasmatic nuclei
All of the choices are correct
Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the?
Superior Colliculi
A cranial nerve with only sensory fibers is the?
Vestibulochoclear nerve
Which cranial nerve is vital for the functioning of the visceral organs?
Vagus
There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12, 31
Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate
Skeletal muscle
The autonomic nervous system
is not usually under conscious control
Where do autonomic postganglionic neurons originate?
Peripheral ganglia
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
Cocaine is a ______ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects.
Sympathomimetic
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
utilizes acteylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter
____ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves.
Norepinephrine
The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be?
Increased cyclic AMP
Epinephrine is a
sympathomimetic hormone
All adrenergic receptors act via?
G proteins
M2 receptors in the heart?
decrease heart rate
Which of the following organs is dually innervated?
Urinary bladder
Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?
Mechanoreceptors
Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also?
Exteroceptors
As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the ____ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.
Frequency
As _____ increases, the two point threshold decreases.
Receptor density
Sensations are sharpened via?
Lateral inhibition
Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called?
Exteroceptors
Gustducin
Is related to transducin of the eye
Which taste modality involved membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?
Umami
What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?
Ca2+
Which of the special sense is most closely linked with the limbic system?
Olfaction
The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the?
Vestibular apparatus
What characteristics does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual?
It has a higher than normal concentration of K+
The cupula is part of the?
Semicircular canals
The hertz is a measure of?
Frequency
Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the ?
Oval window
The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with?
Perilymph
Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti?
Vestibular membrane
Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti?
relay sound information by way of the vestibulochoclear nerve
Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing?
Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe
Sensory neurons ?
are psuedounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS
Which division of the nervous system innervated involuntary effectors?
Autonomic nervous system
The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by?
Oligodendrocytes
Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged?
Schwann cells
The average resting membrane potential of an axon is?
-70 mV
The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the ?
Threshold
What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations?
Na+/K+ pump
The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor protein causes ion channels to open in the post-synaptic membrane. What type of gates are these?
Chemicaly-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates
What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials?
Voltage gated channels
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced by?
Glutamic acid
The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is?
GABA
The function of _____ neurons is to link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses.
Association
_______% of total blood flow to the body per minute foes to the brain.
15
What type of neurons are found in the precentral gyrus?
Upper motor neurons
A raised area on the cerebral cortex is a ?
Gyrus
Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ____ and ___ areas.
Broca’s and Wernicke’s
The conversion of short term memory to long term memory is called?
Memory consolidation
Knowing how to tie your shoes is an example of ____ memory.
Procedural
The _____ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content.
Amygdala
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus/
controls reactions to odors
Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary are produced in the?
Hypothalamus
Ablation of the ____ in the midbrain would impair the ability to respond to sounds.
Inferior colliculi
The medulla oblongata?
Contrains numerous vital centers
Which of the following is NOT a vital function of the medulla oblongata?
Thirst control
Reflex arcs?
may have a single synapse
Somatic motor reflexes involve?
Contraction of skeletal muscles
The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons?
Divergence
_____ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Terminal
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
Bright light would stimulate regulation of pupil diameter through ____ nerves.
Parasympathetic
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter
Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
All apply
Postganglionic ___ nerves release acetylcholine.
Parasympathetic
“Synapses en passant” refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter?
Along the length of the axon
Blocking B2 adrenergic receptors prevents airway?
Dilation
The medulla oblongata controls many autonomic activities through the?
Vagus Nerve
Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except?
Body position
Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?
Mechanoreceptors
The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensation of?
Heat and Pain
_____ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors.
Referred Pain
How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?
Three
Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae?
Glossoform papillae
Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?
Cochlea
The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membran channels that are permeable to mainly ___, which causes depolarization.
K+
Spatial summation?
occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
Which poison inhibits glycine receptors?
Strychnine
