Chapter 20 Flashcards
The testes stop making testosterone by the _________, and the ovaries don’t make embryonic sex hormone.
Third trimester
Sex hormone secretion does not occur again in either sex until the gonads are stimulated at _______.
Puberty
Once the sex hormone secretion occurs, the anterior pituitary begins releasing _________.
Gonadotropic hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced in the ________ of both males and females with three effects.
Anterior pituitary glands
The stimulation of spermatogenesis, stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion, and maintenance of the structures of the gonads are the three effects of what?
FSH and LH that are produced in the anterior pituitary glands
The release of FSH and LH is controlled by the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the ________.
Hypothalamus
The regulation of FSH and LH is regulated by a negative-feedback loop where rising levels of _________ and inhibiting the GnRH release, and inhibiting the pituitary response to GnRH.
Gonadal hormone
Aside from the usual gonadal hormones, the gonads also secrete _______.
Inhibin
The inhibin is secreted by _____ in the testes.
Sertoli cells
The inhibin is secreted by granulosa cells of ________ follicles.
Ovarian
The inhibin specifically inhibits release of ____.
FSH (no effect on LH)
Secretion of ______ is pulsatile so FSH and LH are also pulsatile (more apparent in females than males).
GnRH
Frequency of pulsations affects the _______ response.
Target gland’s
Secretion of FSH and LH is elevated at _____ and stays high for the first 6 months of postnatal life.
Birth
After secretion of FSH and LH is elevated at birth, it declines to almost nothing until ______.
Puberty
Puberty begins with a release of ______.
LH (pulsatile)
Puberty begins with a release of LH due to the declining sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback effects of ______.
Gonadal hormones
Puberty begins with a release of LH, which results in increases in ________ or estradiol-17Beta secretion.
testosterone
Puberty begins with a release of LH, which produce _____ sex characteristics.
Secondary
The secondary sex characteristics in ______ are growth spurts, breast development, and menarche (first menstrual flow).
Girls
The secondary sex characteristics in ____ are later growth spurts, and body, muscle, penis, testis growth.
Boys
The secondary sex characteristics in both sexes is body hair is stimulated by ______ from adrenal gland at puberty.
Androgens
Age of the onset of puberty depends on ______ and amount of body fat.
Activity levels
_____ is secreted by adipose cells is required for the onset of puberty.
Leptin
In the onset of puberty, ______ may inhibit GnRH secretion.
Exercise
More ______, ______ girls begin puberty later.
Active, Slimmer
______ from the pineal gland may play a role in onset of puberty, but this is not proven in humans.
Melatonin
______ is a human sexual response that is characterized by increased muscle tone, vasocongestion of sexual organs; also called arousal.
Excitation
_____ is a human sexual response that continues vasocongestion.
Plateau
____ is a human sexual response that causes contraction of the uterus/vagina and male ejaculatory organs.
Orgasm
____ is a human sexual response where the body returns to pre-excitation condition.
Resolution
Men experience a ________ where that are not able to ejaculate.
refractory period
The two compartments of the testes are the _____ and _______.
Seminiferous Tubules and Interstitial Tissue
The ______ in the testes are where spermatogenesis occurs.
Seminiferous Tubules
In the seminiferous tubules, the FSH receptors are found on the _______.
Sertoli Cells
In the seminiferous tubules, the FSH influences _______.
Spermatogenesis
The ________ is the testes are where Leydig cells make testosterone; also filled with blood and lymphatic capillaries.
Interstitial Tissue
In the interstitial tissue, the LH receptors are found on the ________.
Leydig Cells
In the interstitial tissue, ______ is secreted in response to LH.
Testosterone
______ secretion is controlled by rising testosterone secretion through negative feedback.
LH
______ secretion is controlled by testosterone and inhibin secretion.
FSH
_______ is released from the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules.
Inhibin
_______ is converted to its derivatives in brain cells.
Testosterone
_______ in converted by 5a-reductase to DHT, other androgens, or to estradiol by aromatase enzyme.
Testosterone
_______ is used to inhibit LH secretion.
Estradiol
Male and female brains are different due to the effects of ______ and ______.
Testosterone and estradiol
Negative feedback effects of ____ and ___ maintain a relatively constant secretion of gonadotropins in males.
Testosterone and inhibin
Androgen secretion declines slowly in males to a hypogonadal state by age ____.
70
Other factors that affect testosterone secretion are ______, ______, ______.
Physical inactivity, obesity, drugs
______ is secreted by Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and developing sperm.
Estradiol
Receptors for ______ are on Sertoli and Leydig cells, cells lining the ducts, and accessory glands.
Estradiol
The role in ______ is to regulate the enviornment of developing sperm, fluid reabsorption, and sealing epiphyseal plates.
Spermatogenesis
Growth and development of wolffian ducts into epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, urogenital sinus into prostate and male external genitalia describes the actions of what androgen in the male?
Sex Determination
At puberty the completion of meiotic division and early maturation of spermatids, and after puberty the maintenance of spermatogenesis describes the action for what androgen in the male?
Spermatogenesis
Growth and maintenance of accessory sex organs, growth of the penis, facial, and axillary hair, and body growth describes the action of what androgen in the male?
Secondary Sex Characteristic
Protein synthesis and muscle growth, growth of bones and other organs, and erythropoiesis is the action for what androgen in the male?
Anabolic Effects
In _______, germ cells from the yolk sac migrate to the testes early in embryonic development.
Spermatogenesis
Diploid spermatogonia first go through _____ to increase the number of cells.
Mitosis
In spermatogenesis, one of the daughter cells continues through meiosis and the other daughter cell remains a _______.
Spermatogonial cell
In spermatogenesis, after meiosis 1 it goes to 2 secondary _____.
Spermatocytes
In spermatogenesis, after meiosis 2 there are 4 _______.
Spermatids
In spermatogenesis, the process occurs as the cells move toward the _____ of the seminiferous tubules.
Lumen
_____ is the maturation of spermatids into functioning spermatoza.
Spermiogenesis
Protamines replace ____ associated with DNA.
Histones
Sperm development requires ____ cells.
Sertoli
_______ create a blood-testis barrier controlling what can enter the seminiferous tubules and preventing the immune system from developing antibodies against the sperm.
Sertoli Cells
The Sertoli cells phagocytose some of the spermatid ____ in spermiogenesis creating residual bodies.
Cytoplasm
Sertoli cells secrete ________ into the seminiferous tubule lumen. This binds to testosterone and concentrates it in the tubule.
Androgen-binding Protein
Androgen binding protein production is stimulated by _____ and only Sertoli cells have these receptors.
FSH
_______ stimulates speratogenesis and spermiogenesis.
Testosterone
______ is required to stimulate meiosis and early spermatid maturation.
Testosterone
Testosterone is secreted by the _______ after stimulation by LH.
Leydig cells
_____ enhances spermatogenesis through the action of the Sertoli cells that are stimulated to make ABP, which concentrates the testosterone levels.
FSH
_____ ensures optimal fertility.
FSH
Spermatids move from the seminiferous tubules –> rete testis –> _______ –> epidiymis.
Efferent ductules
The ______ is the site of sperm maturation and storage. It is where sperm becomes motile.
Epididymis
In ejaculation, spermatoza move from the epididymis –> ductus deferens –> _______ –>urethra.
Ejaculatory Duct
The seminal vesicle and prostate gland add fluid to the sperm to form _____.
Semen
Seminal fluid contains ______ (energy for sperm).
Fructose
Prostate fluid contains citric acid, ______, and coagulation proteins.
Calcium
Erection results from the blood flow into erectile tissues of the penis: _______ and _________.
Corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
In erection, due to the parasympathetic nerve, induced vasodilation of the arterioles leading to the _______.
Corpus cavernosa
In erection, ______ serves as the NT.
Nitric oxide
The Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP –> closes Ca2+ channels –> decreases the cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels –> _______.
Relaxes muscles
Venous outflow of blood is partially blocked during an _______.
Erection
Erections are controlled by the _______ and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
Hypothalamus
Erections can also occur due to conscious sexual thought. ______–>spinal cord–>penis
or sensory stimulation. ______–>spinal cord–>penis
Hypothalamus
Penis
______ is the movement of semen into the urethra.
Emission
_____ is the forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra.
Ejaculation
Emission and ejaculation are both under the ______ nervous system control.
Sympathetic
Contraction of smooth muscles in the tubules, seminal vesicle, prostate, and muscles at base of the penis is involved in _______.
Ejaculation
A sperm count <20 million/ml semen is called ______ and is considered less fertile.
Oligospermia
Oligospermia may be caused by ______, ______, or anabolic steroids.
Heat, Drugs
A _______ is the most widely used and reliable form of male contraception.
Vasectomy
In a vasectomy, the _____ is cut and tied to prohibit sperm transport.
Vas Deferens
A vasectomy does not affect testosterone production or ______.
Ejaculation
_____ are the female gonads, and is the site of oocyte and steroid production.
Ovaries
The _____ have fimbriae that partially wrap around the ovaries and “catch” the oocyte after ovulation.
Uterine Tubes
What is the most common site of fertilization?
The Uterine Tubes
The _____ is the site of embryonic development.
Uterus
What are the the layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium, Cervix
The _______ is the inner layer of the uterus, and is where the embryo implants and develops. It is made of the stratum basale and stratum functionale.
Endometrium
The ______ is the middle muscle layer of the uterus, and it contracts to expel baby at birth.
Myometrium
The ______ is the outer connective tissue layer of the uterus.
Perimetrium
The _____ is the narrow bottom region of the uterus.
Cervix
The _____ is an organ of copulation that opens between the labia (majora and minora).
Vagina
The ______ is the erectile tissue in the female reproductive organs.
Clitoris
Toward the end of gestation, a female’s oogonia begin meiosis to produce _____.
Primary oocytes
The ovaries of a newborn girl have _____ primary oocytes.
2 million
By puberty, the ovaries of a girl is cut to about ________ primary oocytes.
400,000
Only about ____ primary oocytes will be ovulated in her lifetime.
400
Primary oocytes are contained within _____ that have one layer of cells.
Primary follicles
In response to FSH, some of the primary follicles grow to produce many layers of ____.
Granulosa cells
Some primary follicles develop fluid-filled vesicles called _______.
Secondary Follicles
Continued growth results in fused vesicles to form a single antrum is called a mature ______.
Graafian follicle
Cell layers called the _____ and _____ form around the oocytes and serve as a barrier for sperm entry.
Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida
Continued development of one Graafian follicles occurs because of stimulation from FSH, _______, and paracrine signals.
Estradiol
As a Graafian follicle grows, the primary oocyte finishes meiosis 1 to become a _______.
Secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte begins in meiosis 2, but stops at ______.
Metaphase 2
By the ____ to _____ day after the first day of menstruation, one follicle becomes a mature Graafian follicle.
10th to 14th
The secondary follicles that do not become a Graafian follicle regress and become a atretic, a type of ______.
Apoptosis
A mature Graafian follicle is protected from atresis and forms a bulge on the surface of the _____.
Ovary
After ovulation, the remaining follicle become a ________.
Corpus Luteum
A corpus luteum secretes both ____ and _____.
Estradiol and Progesterone
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH controlled by GnRH and negative feedback from _____ hormones.
Ovarian
Aside from stimulating the development of the follicles, FSH simulates ______ production in the follicles.
Estradiol
The bigger the follicle, the more ______ it releases.
Estradiol
The _____ describes the 28 day cycle of endometrial buildup and sloughing in response to ovarian hormones.
Menstrual Cycle
What are the three phases in the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual, Proliferative, Secretory
Follicular changes in the ovaries can be broken into what three phases?
Follicular Phase, Ovulation, Luteal Phase
Ovarian follicular phase lasts from day ___ through day ____.
1 to 13
In the ovarian follicular phase, it is characterized by increasing levels of estradiol production from granulosa cells, reaching a high around day ____.
12
The ovarian follicular phase is initiated by ___.
FSH
At the end of the ovarian follicular phase, FSH and high levels of estradiol stimulate production of LH receptors in the ______.
Graafian follicle
In ovulation, FSH causes the Graafian follicle to bulge out of the ______.
Ovary wall
LH surge begins about ______ before ovulation.
24 hours
After ovulation, LH stimulates the ruptured follicle to become a ________.
Corpus Luteum
Progesterone peaks about _____ week after ovulation.
1
In the ovarian luteal phase, it shuts down follicle development to prevent further ovulation long enough to give the secondary oocyte a chance to be ______.
Fertilized
In the ovarian luteal phase, it ends with degeneration of the corpus luteum around day ____.
28
The _______ beings with menstruation at the end of the previous ovarian cycle.
Menstrual cycle
The development of the ______ is regulated by secretion of estradiol and progesterone in the ovaries.
Endometrium
The proliferative phase occurs while ovary is in the ______ phase.
Follicular
Spiral arteries develop in the _____ phase.
Proliferative
The _______ also becomes more vascular and develops progesterone receptors in the proliferative phase.
Endometrium
The secretory phase occurs while the ovaries are in the ____ phase.
Luteal
Secretion of progesterone stimulates the development of uterine glands, which store _____.
Glycogen
The endometrium is prepared to nourish a growing embryo if the oocyte id fertilized in the _____ phase.
Secretory
The _______ phase occurs as a result of the fall in estradiol and progesterone when the corpus luteum degenerates.
Menstrual
In the _______ phase, arteries in the endometrium constrict, cells in the stratum functionale die, and this region is sloughed.
Menstrual
The contraceptive ______ for woman includes synthetic estradiol and progesterone.
Pill
Placebo pills are taken for ______ to allow menstruation.
1 week
Newer pills have reduced risk for endometrial and ovarian cancers and reduction of ____.
Osteoporosis
______ is unlikely as long as a couple has sex more than 6 days before ovulation and more than 1 day after.
Pregnancy
A woman can time ovulation by _______.
Taking her temperature
Menopause usually occurs after the age ____.
50
In menopause, the symptoms are due to the loss of ______.
Estradiol
In menopause, ______ are produced by vasomotor disturbances.
Hot flashes
In _____, the walls of the urethra and vagina atrophy and vaginal glands no longer produce lubrication.
Menopause
After menopause, risk for atherosclerosis and ______ increases.
Osteoporosis
_____ is needed for bone deposition, so menopausal women are at increased risk for osteoporosis.
Estradiol
Adipose tissue does make a weak form of estradiol called _____.
Estrone
Heavier women have a reduced risk of ___.
Osteoporosis
