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Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an element? Give two examples.

A

Pure substance made up of a type of atom. Hydrogen, Oxygen.

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2
Q

What is an atom made up of?

A

Three subatomic particles.

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3
Q

What are the subatomic particles that make up the atom?

A

The proton, neutron, and electron.

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4
Q

How is a proton charged? How is a neutron charged? What do they do?

A

A proton is positively charged. A neutron has no charge. They form the nucleus.

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5
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom?

A

The center.

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6
Q

How is an electron charged? How big is it? What does it do?

A

Negatively charged. 1/1840 the mass of a proton. They are in constant motion around the nucleus and balance out the positive charge from proton.

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7
Q

What is the atomic number and how is it chosen? Give an example.

A

It’s the number that identifies the element. It’s chosen by the number of protons. (Carbon, 6. Hydrogen, 1.)

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8
Q

List the building blocks that make up 99% of living things.

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfer

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9
Q

What is a molecule? Give an example.

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Water, H2O

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10
Q

What is a symbol? Give an example.

A

A symbol is a letter or couple letters that an element is known as, such as H, hydrogen, or O, oxygen.

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11
Q

Give an example of how joining elements into a compound can make it act differently.

A

Again, H2O. Hydrogen and Oxygen=Water…

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12
Q

What is an atom?

A

A basic unit of matter that cannot be divided.

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13
Q

What is a compound?

A

Made of of two or more elements.

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14
Q

What does a chemical bond do? Which type of electrons hold it together?

A

Holds atoms in compounds together. The valance electrons, the outer electrons in the atoms, form the bonds.

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

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16
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with an ionic bond. It either has a positive or negative charge.

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17
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When electrons are shared between the two atoms.

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18
Q

Water is the most abundant compound in…

A

Most living things.

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18
Q

What is water’s overall charge? What does this mean?

A

Neutral. This means it has a equal number of protons and electrons.

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19
Q

In water, does the hydrogen atom have a stronger pull for the shared electrons? Or the oxygen? What does this mean about the oxygen and hydrogen?

A

The oxygen. Therefore, it has a slight negative charge and the hydrogens have a slight positive charge.

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20
Q

What is water made up of and what is its compound symbol?

A

Two hydrogens and an oxygen. h2o.

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21
Q

Why is water said to be polar?

A

Because the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.

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22
Q

What are the hydrogen bonds?

A

The weak bonds between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and oxygen atom of another.

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23
Q

Where are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds? Which bond is weaker than the other two?

A

Ionic and covalent bonds are inside the molecules, between the atoms, and the hydrogen bonds are between molecules.Hydrogen bonds are weaker.

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24
Q

What is cohesion? What is it due to? What does it cause?

A

The attraction of water molecules to other molecules. This is due to the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This causes water to form a bead when dropped on a surface because the water molecules are attracted in.

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25
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The attraction between molecules of one substance and the molecules of another.

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26
Q

Why does water adhere well to other substances? What does this cause?

A

It adheres well because it is polar. Water therefore sticks to the sides of thin tubes.

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27
Q

What is capillary action? How does this help plants?

A

In a very thin tube, water can rise because of adhesion and cohesion. This helps pull water up into stems and leaves of plants.

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28
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Because of cohesion (the strong attraction of water molecules to itself) substances can be supported on its surface.

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29
Q

Why is water resistant to temperature change?

A

Since water is cohesive, a lot of heat must be used to overcome the cohesion. Therefore, the water temperature changes very slowly.

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30
Q

What happens to the molecules when water freezes? What does this cause?

A

The molecules spread apart and have more air space. This causes ice to be less dense, so ice floats in water.

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31
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A solvent is a substance that dissolve other substances.

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32
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Because the adhesion of water molecules to other molecules is strong enough to break them apart.

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33
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A material compose of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.

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34
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

The substances in the mixture are distributed evenly/appears the same throughout . Ex:Air-n2o2co2

35
Q

What is a solution?

A

A liquid homogeneous mixture.

36
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance dissolved in the solvent.

37
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

When the substances in a mixture are visibly different.

38
Q

What is a suspension? Give an example.

A

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of water and undissolved material that is found in small pieces, such as sand and water, blood.

39
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom.

40
Q

What does the pH scale tell us?

A

How acidic or basic a substance is.

41
Q

If something is acidic, it has ____

A

More H+, hydrogen ions.

42
Q

If something has equal H+, hydrogen, and OH-, hydroxide, ions, it is___

A

Neutral

43
Q

If something has more OH- (hydroxide) ions, it is ___

A

Basic

44
Q

What is acid?

A

A compound that produces H+ ions that will dissolve in water.

45
Q

List the properties of acid and give an example.

A

-corrosive (will break things down)
-tastes sour
Hydrochloric acid, HCl

46
Q

Why is HCl an acid?

A

HCl–> H+ and Cl-

H+ means acid

47
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that produces hydroxide ions that dissolve in water.

48
Q

List the properties of base and give an example.

A

-feels slippery
-tastes bitter
Ex:NaOH, sodium hydroxide

49
Q

Why is Sodium hydroxide a base?

A

NaOH—> Na+ and OH-

OH- means basic

50
Q

What is the pH of pure water? Why?

A

7, because it has an equal amount of H+ and OH- ions.

51
Q

What happens when acids and bases are mixed together?

A

Neutralization. It’s a reaction between the H+ and OH- ions. H+ and OH- is H2O, which makes it neutral.

52
Q

What should the pH of human blood be?

A

Between 7 and 7.5

53
Q

What is an indicator?

A

A substance that changes color when the pH goes above or below a certain level.

54
Q

What are two pH indicators?

A

Litmus paper. It turns red in acidic pH and blue in basic pH.
Phenolphthalein-changes from colorless to pink in basic solutions.

55
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

56
Q

Besides carbon, what do most organic compounds contain?

A

Hydrogen

57
Q

Where do most organic compounds occur naturally?

A

Living organisms.

58
Q

What do inorganic compounds NOT contain?

A

Carbon bonded to Carbon.

59
Q

What is a valance electron?

A

Electron in the outer shell of an atom.

60
Q

How many valance electrons does Carbon have?

A

4

61
Q

How many valance electrons does Carbon need to be complete?

A

4.

62
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form? Why?

A

4, because it has four valance electrons and needs an additional four to be complete.

63
Q

Can Carbon form bonds with many different elements? List.

A

Yes. H, O, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, other Carbon.

64
Q

What are the shapes Carbon can be found in?

A

Chains or rings.

65
Q

What is a double bond?

A

When the carbon shares two pairs of electrons instead of one.

66
Q

What does Carbon containing compounds often form? What are their abilities?

A

Units. They can exist on their own or can bond together, one after another.

67
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single unit.

68
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large molecules of repeating units.

69
Q

What do monomers join to form?

A

Polymers.

70
Q

How are polymers formed?

A

Polymerization.

71
Q

What is polymerization?

A

The process by which smaller molecules join together to form larger ones.

72
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Joining monomers together by removing water.

73
Q

In dehydration synthesis, how are water molecules removed?

A

One water molecule is removed for each monomer that is added to the chain.

74
Q

How do the monomers donate the water molecules in dehydration synthesis?

A

One monomer donates the hydrogens, the other monomer donates the oxygen.

75
Q

How do monomers bond each other?

A

Covalent ly.

76
Q

Where does the bond between monomers form?

A

Where the OH was removed and bonded to the remaining oxygen.

77
Q

What does the process of dehydration synthesis do?

A

Requires energy.

78
Q

How does a polymer break into monomers?

A

Hydrolysis.

79
Q

What is hydrolysis the reverse of?

A

Dehydration synthesis.

80
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking a bond between two monomers by adding water.

81
Q

In hydrolysis, how are water molecules added?

A

One water molecule is added for each monomer that is removed from the chain.

82
Q

How do the monomers get the water molecules in hydrolysis?

A

Hydrogen from the water attaches to one monomer, and the oxygen and the other hydrogen from the water attach to the other monomer.

83
Q

What does the process of hydrolysis do?

A

Releases energy.

84
Q

When does hydrolysis happen?

A

During food digestion.

85
Q

What are the top four building blocks?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen.

Biology (15 decks)

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