Nutrition Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Used for short term energy, found in breads, pasta, cereal, and grains.
Proteins
Controls cell activities, enzymes, and found in fish, eggs, and poultry.
Lipids
Stores long term energy, found in butter and oil.
Vitamins
Organic substances used in metabolic functioning, like vitamins A, B and C.
Minerals
Inorganic substances that help make body structures, like calcium, phosphorus, and iron.
Water
Transports substances, makes up 2/3 of body.
When is energy released?
Carbs, proteins, fats are broken down.
How is the energy found in food determined?
By burning a sample of the food and measuring the amount of heat given off.
Calorie
Unit used in measuring energy content of food.
Calorimeter
Instrument used to measure energy content of food sample
Kilocalorie
Thousand calories
Calorie definition
Amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree C
How many KCal does a gram of carbohydrates and a gram of protein give off?
4
How many KCal does one gram of fat give off?
9
Nutrients
Necessary for growth, energy, repair, and maintenance
Autotroph
Make their own food
How do plants eat?
They are autotrophic thru the process of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light
How does photosynthesis work?
It uses energy from the sun to convert water and CO2 into sugar and oxygen
How do plants capture light energy?
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
Main pigment in plant
Pigment
A substance that absorbs specific wavelengths of light, or colors, and reflects other colors
What colors does chlorophyll absorb?
It absorbs light well in the red and blue but not in the green region, which is why plants are green
Chloroplast
Organlle contained in the leaves and green stems of plants in which photosynthesis occurs
Where is chlorophyll found?
Chloroplast
Thylakoids
Saclike membranes in chloroplast
How are thylakoids arranged?
In stacks called grana
Stroma
Watery area outside of the thylakoids
Two stages of photosynthesis
Light dependent reactions and light independent reaction
Light dependent reactions
Light + H2O–>O2+ NADPH + ATP
Purpose of light dependent reactions
Capture energy from light and form molecules to hold the energy
Where does light dependent reactions take place?
Takes place within the thylakoids
What absorbs the light in the light dependent reactions?
Chlorophyll
What happens to the energy from the light in light dependent reactions?
It is transferred to electrons, which are transferred to energy storage molecules-NADPH and ATP
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
ATP
Adenosine triphospate
In the light dependent reactions, what is the oxygen?
Released as a waste product
What happens to the water in the light dependent reactions?
It is broken down and the electrons replace the electrons from chlorophyll that got energized.
Light independent reaction
CO2+ATP+NADPH—>glucose
Another name for Light independent reaction
Calvin cycle/carbon fixation
In Light independent reaction, what are ATP and NADPH used to build? Why?
High energy compounds like glucose that can be stored for a long time bc they are not stable to store energy
Where does the Light independent reaction take place?
The stroma of chloroplasts
What happens in the Light independent reaction to the energy storing molecules?
ATP and NADPH are broken down, and the energy from those molecules is used to build a glucose molecule.
What happens to the glucose of the light independent reaction?
Used immediately as an energy source thru digestion or built up to form starch-long term storage.
Digestion
Changing food into a usable form by breaking bonds
Absorption
Nutrient molecules pass through cell membrane in order to be used by the cells of an organism
Intracellular
Takes place in the cell
Herbivores
Animals that eat only plants like cows or rabbits
Carnivores
Animals that eat meat, like a wolf
What happens in the light independent reaction to CO2?
CO2 is taken in from the air and combined w other carbon compounds already found in the stroma.
