Cells Flashcards
What is the difference in complexity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, while prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler.
Between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, do they have nucleuses?
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus, unlike prokaryotic.
What does a prokaryotic cell contain?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
What does a eukaryotic cell contain?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, membrane-bound organelles, specialized structures
what kind of organism might have a prokaryotic cell? (example)
bacteria
what kind of organism might have a eukaryotic cell? (example)
plants, animals, fungi, protists
what are protists?
small, simple microorganisms such as paramecium or amoeba
what is an organelle?
a structure inside of a cell (eukaryotic) that has a specific function
what is the plasma/cell membrane? Plant/animal?
thin, 2-layered structure that surrounds the entire cell, consisting of lipids w/ some proteins. both
what are the all possible components of the eukaryotic cell?
plasma/cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (smooth vs rough), Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, lysosome, centrioles, vacuole
what is the cell wall? plant/animal?
structure composed mostly of cellulose. lies outside of cell membrane and gives the cell strength. has opening which allows water and other substances to pass thru. plant.
what is the cytoplasm? plant/animal?
fluid like material contained within cell membrane. holds cell organelles in place. it extremes, which means it moves. both.
what is the nucleus? plant/animal?
controls most cell processes. consists of nucleolus, chromosomes, nuclear membrane/envelope. both.
what are chromosomes?
grainy material within the nucleus, contains cell’s DNA
what is the nucleolus?
smaller region in nucleus where ribosomes are produced
what is the nuclear envelope?
double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus and allows material in and out.
what is the mitochondria? plant/animal?
the energy center of the cell. turns food into ATP. both.
what is ATP?
usable energy for the cell
what are the ribosomes? plant/animal?
helps in making proteins. can be either free or attached to ER. both.
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
has ribosomes on its surface, helps produce/transport proteins
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
doesn’t have ribosomes, helps transport lipids
what does ER stand for?
endoplasmic reticulum
what is the ER? plant/animal?
internal membrane transport system. consists of rough ER and smooth ER. both
what is the Golgi body? plant/animal?
‘factory’ which takes proteins synthesized by ER and processes packages and releases them to the outside. both
what is the chloroplast? plant/animal?
uses energy from sunlight to make glucose in photosynthesis. contains chlorophyll. plants.
what is chlorophyll?
a green pigment found in the chloroplast
what is photosynthesis?
process where the chloroplast uses energy from sunlight to make glucose
what is the lysosome? plant/animal?
contains digestive enzymes which take part in the food materials. both, but more visible in animal cells.
what are centrioles? plant/animal?
pair of cylinder shaped structures. located near the nucleus in animal cells and help in cell division. animal cells.
what is the vacuole? plant/animal?
stores water, food, and waste. most plant cells have a single, large central vacuole filled w water- the pressure helps the plants support heavy structures like leaves or flowers. both, but plants have one central one and animals have many small food ones.
what is the cytoskeleton?
network of protein filaments in the cell
what are filaments?
thread-like structures. has microtubules vs microfilaments.
what are microtubules?
long, hollow, cylindrical structures. composed of proteins called tubulin. serves as a skeleton for the cell, giving it shape.
what are microfilaments?
long, solid, thread-like strands. most composed of proteins called actin. helps in cyclosis.
what is cyclosis?
movement of the cytoplasm.
what model does the cell membrane have?
fluid mosaic model.
what is the fluid mosaic model?
made up mostly of phospholipids w some proteins and carbs scattered thruout the double layer. all of the components can move within the membrane.
lipid bilayer
2 layers of lipids
what is the cell membrane sometimes called and why?
sometimes called a phospholipid bilayer bc its two layers of phospholipids.
the tails of the phospholipids do what? why?
repel water bc they are nonpolar
what is hydrophobic?
when it repels water
what is hydrophilic?
attract water
the heads of the phospholipids do what? why?
attract water bc its charged
what are the functions of the cell membrane?
forms a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside, lipids and proteins control the movement of materials into and out of the cell, carbs recognize signals from other cells
what are the cell membranes role in controlling transport?
two major ways-passive and active transport
what is higher concentration?
Purer water with less dissolved substances
what is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
where can diffusion occur?
within an enclosed space or between two areas
example of diffusion
if the concentration of one substance is greater outside of a cell as compared to inside of a cell, the substance will diffuse into the cell
what is concentration gradient?
difference in the concentration of a substance across a space
what is passive transport? does it require energy from the cell?
movement of a substance across a cell membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration. No.
substances move ___ their concentration gradient in passive transport
down
what is equilibrium?
when the concentration of a substance is equal on both sides of a membrane
what will only occur until equilibrium is reached?
passive transport
what do the phospholipids of a cell membrane permit?
only certain molecules to diffuse in and out of the cell
which molecules can diffuse in and out of the cell?
smaller, hydrophobic particles, such as gases or dissolved solids
which molecules can’t diffuse in and out of the cell?
larger, hydrophilic particles, such as proteins and starch
then how do large molecules pass through the cell membrane to enter the cell?
special transport proteins are found throughout the cell membrane that help substances in and out. sometimes there’s a channel, like a tunnel, that allow special substances to pass through, and sometimes there’s a carrier protein, like an elevator, which binds to a specific substance on 1 side of the membrane and carries it across to the other side.
what is it called with carrier proteins?
facilitated diffusion
what is facilitated diffusion?
Larger substances diffuse through a cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein but, it is fast and specific, meaning each protein will only allow one type of molecule to pass thru
does facilitated diffusion require energy?
no
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water thru a semi permeable membrane. tends to diffuse from area of highly concentrated water (purer, fewer dissolved substances) to less concentrated water
What is turgor?
when the cell remains firm and rigid
Osmosis-a cell in a hypotonic solution. what happens with the plant and animal cells?
solution contains fewer dissolved substances and purer water that the cell. water therefore moves into the cell. the animal cell will burst, but the plant cell will experience turgor.
Osmosis-a cell in a hypertonic solution. what happens with the plant and animal cells?
solution contains more dissolved substances and less pure water that the cell. water therefore moves out of the cell. the animal cell will shrivel, but the plant cell will plasmolyze.
what is plasmolysis?
when the cell membrane will pull away from the cell wall.
Osmosis-a cell in a isotonic solution.
contains an equal amount of dissolved substances as the cell. water will move in and out at the same rate. common within our body cells.
Which way does active transport move in relation to the concentration gradient?
Against
What is active transport? Does it require energy?
Movement of material from low concentration to higher concentration. Yes.
Where is a cell in a isotonic solution common?
Our body cells
What is a vesicle? Does it require energy?
A vacuole, a special sac that moves substances across the membrane when they are too large to be transported by carrier proteins. This does require energy.
What is endocytosis?
The process of taking material into the cell by forming folds in the cell membrane.
What is phagocytosis?
The process of the cell engulfing large solid particles and enclosing them in a vacuole.
What is pinocytosis?
The process of the cell membrane forming pockets of small amounts of liquid which then become enclosed in a vacuole
What is exocytosis?
The process of moving the material when the vesicle containing waste fuses with the cell membrane and releases material to the outside
What are the two subcategories within movement in vesicles and the two further subcategories within the first one?
- Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Exocytosis
