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Biology > The Cell Cycle And Mitosis > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle And Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During the cell cycle, what does a cell do?

A

A cell grows, prepares for division, and then divides to form two daughter cells, which then begin their own cell cycle.

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2
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and M

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3
Q

What are the three phases of Interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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4
Q

What are the two phases of M?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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5
Q

What does G stand for in G1 and G2?

A

Growth, or gap.

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6
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Cell growth, organelles are copied

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7
Q

What happens during S?

A

The DNA is replicated in preparation for mitosis.

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8
Q

What happens during G2?

A

More cell growth, chromosomes checked for errors.

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9
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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10
Q

How long can the phases of mitosis last?

A

Anywhere from a few minutes to several days.

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11
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of events that cells go through during their lifetime.

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12
Q

What happens to the chromatin during prophase?

A

It condenses into chromosomes.

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13
Q

What happens to the centrioles during prophase?

A

They move to opposite sides and form fibers that will help pull apart the chromosomes.

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14
Q

Which is the longest phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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15
Q

In prophase, what are the fibers formed that have a specific job called?

A

Spindle fibers.

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16
Q

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?

A

It breaks down.

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17
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during metaphase?

A

They line up across the equator of the cell.

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18
Q

What happens to the spindle fibers during metaphase?

A

They attach to the centromere of each chromosome.

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19
Q

What happens to the centromeres during anaphase?

A

The centromeres separate.

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20
Q

During anaphase, what does the separation of the centromeres cause?

A

The separation of the sister chromatids and making them become individual chromosomes.

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21
Q

What happens to individual chromosomes which are the product of anaphase?

A

They move to the opposite sides of the cell.

22
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?

A

They become chromatid.

23
Q

During telophase, what happens to the spindle fibers?

A

They break apart

24
Q

What happens to the nuclear membrane during telophase?

A

It reforms round each cluster of chromosomes.

25
Q

What happens to the chromatin during prophase?

A

It condenses into chromosomes.

26
Q

What happens to the centrioles during prophase?

A

They move to the opposite sides of the cell and form fibers that will help pull apart the chromosomes.

27
Q

What are the fibers formed during prophase called?

A

Spindle fibers

28
Q

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?

A

It breaks down

29
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during metaphase?

A

They line up across the equator of the cell

30
Q

What happens to the spindle fibers during metaphase?

A

They attach to the centromere of each chromosome

31
Q

What happens to the centromeres during anaphase? What does this cause?

A

They separate, separating the sister chromatids into individual chromosomes

32
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase?

A

They move to opposite sides of the cell

33
Q

What happens to the spindle fibers during telophase?

A

They break apart

34
Q

During telophase, are they chromosomes or chromatid?

A

They switch from chromosomes to chromatid

35
Q

What happens during telophase to the clusters of chromosomes?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms around each one.

36
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of a cell after mitosis or meiosis

37
Q

Why do we need cytokinesis?

A

Because we now have one cell with two nuclei and the cytoplasm needs to split off to form two new cells

38
Q

What happens to an animal cell during cytokinesis?

A

The cell membrane pinches in the middle

39
Q

What happens to an plant cell during cytokinesis?

A

A cell plate forms between the two nuclei, eventually forming a cell membrane and cell wall

40
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission.

41
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A

DNA is copied, then cell membrane pushes inward between the two DNA copies and pinches off into two individual cells.

42
Q

What is different about the DNA in Binary fission?

A

It’s circular.

43
Q

How does a cell know when it’s time to divide?

A

The right presence of cyclins.

44
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Special proteins that are present in different amounts throughout the cell cycle.

45
Q

How do cyclins help the cell know when it’s time to divide?

A

Because of the amount of it present, it can help signal when the cell should proceed to the next stage.

46
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disorder when the body’s own cells mutate and lose the ability to control growth.

47
Q

What are tumors?

A

Masses of cells.

48
Q

Why do cancer cells form tumors?

A

Because cancer cells don’t respond to signals that regulate the growth of most cells.

49
Q

What can cause cancer?

A

Radiation, certain chemicals, or certain viruses, such as HPV.

50
Q

Cell cycle

A

series of events cells go through during lifetime

Biology (15 decks)

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