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Test 2(2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What functions do proteins have?

A

Enzyme and structural purpose, determining our traits

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2
Q

Are proteins built directly from DNA?

A

No.

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3
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid made of nucleotides.

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4
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single helix

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5
Q

In how many ways does RNA differ from DNA?

A

Three.

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6
Q

Which five carbon sugar do RNA nucleotides contain?

A

Ribose (instead of deoxyribose like DNA.)

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7
Q

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Ribose contains one more oxygen then deoxyribose.

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8
Q

What is the difference in nitrogenous bases between DNA and RNA?

A

They both contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine, but instead of thymine like DNA, RNA contains uracil, complimentary to adenine.

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9
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which a gene’s instructions for making proteins are transferred to an RNA molecule.

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10
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

The nucleus, where the DNA is located.

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11
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that binds complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription.

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12
Q

What is the first step of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a special start sequence of DNA.

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13
Q

In transcription, what does the RNA polymerase do after binding to the special start sequence of DNA?

A

It unwinds and separates the two strands of the double helix.

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14
Q

In transcription, what happens after the RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the double helix?

A

It adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides as it reads the DNA.

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15
Q

What base pairing rules of DNA does transcription follow?

A

All of them except that in RNA uracil pairs w adenine instead of thymine pairing w adenine.

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16
Q

What does transcription proceed until?

A

RNA polymerase reaches a stop sequence of bases that marks the end of a gene.

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17
Q

What happens after transcription is completed?

A

The two strands of DNA close up, reforming the double helix and the RNA strand separates from the DNA.

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18
Q

What are the practical differences between transcription of RNA and DNA replication?

A
  • One strand of RNA is produced vs. two strands of DNA

- In DNA replication, both strands of DNA are used as templates vs. in transcription only one strand is used

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19
Q

What can be formed by transcription?

A

Different types of RNA.

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20
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA, which carries the instructions for building a protein from the DNA gene to the ribosome.

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21
Q

What happens w mRNA at the ribosomes?

A

The instructions are “read” which code for specific amino acids

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22
Q

What do many amino acids joined together make?

A

A protein

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23
Q

Codons

A

Series of three nitrogenous bases on the mRNA

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24
Q

What are mRNA instructions written as?

A

Codons

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25
Q

Genetic code

A

Shows all 64 possible codons and the amino acids they code for.

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26
Q

Translation

A

Using RNA to read the instructions on mRNA and put together the amino acids that make up the protein.

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27
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

The cytoplasm, at the ribosomes.

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28
Q

How many other types of RNA help the process of translation? What are they?

A

2, tRNA and rRNA.

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29
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA.

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30
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

Folded molecules that carry a specific amino acid on one end and has an anticodon on the other.

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31
Q

Anticodon

A

Three base sequence that is complimentary to an mRNA codon.

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32
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA.

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33
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

It helps make up the ribosomes.

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34
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

The ribosomes.

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35
Q

First step of translation

A

mRNA leaves nucleus, enters cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome

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36
Q

What happens when mRNA attaches to a ribosome in translation?

A

The ribosome reads the codon on the mRNA and a tRNA molecule w the complementary anticodon arrives and binds to the codon.

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37
Q

What happens in translation when the tRNA w the right anticodon binds to the codon?

A

The tRNA then separates from the amino acid and leaves the ribosome.

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38
Q

What happens when the tRNA leaves the ribosome?

A

The ribosome moves along to the next codon and a new tRNA molecule takes its place on the mRNA strand.

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39
Q

What happens to the new amino acid brought in in translation?

A

Joins the others with a peptide bond

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40
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

chain of amino acids

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41
Q

What happens at the end of translation when the new amino acid binds to the others?

A

A polypeptide chain grows until the ribosome reaches a stop codon, and the chain lets go, folding into a protein molecule

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42
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA of a gene

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43
Q

How are mutations passed to offspring?

A

Thru gametes (sex cells) of affected individual

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44
Q

What happens when a mutation occurs in the somatic cells of an individual?

A

They won’t affect the offspring of that individual

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45
Q

Gene rearrangments

A

Mutations that move an entire gene to a new location

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46
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of part of a chromosome to a different location

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47
Q

Where can translocations happen?

A

Within the same chromosome or between different ones

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48
Q

Gene alteration

A

Mutation that changes a gene itself

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49
Q

Substitution mutation

A

Nucleotide w different nitrogenous base replaces original nucleotide

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50
Q

What may result from a substitution mutation?

A

Missense mutation or silent mutation

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51
Q

Missense mutation

A

Results in change in single amino acid in final polypeptide

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52
Q

Silent mutation

A

New codon codes for same amino acid; no change occurs

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53
Q

Insertion

A

Piece of DNA inserted into gene

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54
Q

Deletion

A

Segment of gene is lost

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55
Q

What can insertion and deletion affect?

A

Change the order of bases in codons, resulting in totally different codons

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56
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A mutation such as insertion/deletion (since it causes a gene to be read in the wrong base sequence)

57
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change over time

58
Q

Geologic evolution

A

Slow change of earth over 4.5 billion years

59
Q

Organic evolution

A

Change of species over time

60
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

Fossils

61
Q

Fossils

A

Trace or remain of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes

62
Q

What part of fossils are usually preserved?

A

Usually only the hard parts such as shell or bones

63
Q

Where are most fossils found?

A

Sedimentary rock

64
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Forms on bottom of shallow seas + ocean

65
Q

Where are the oldest layers of sedimentary rock found versus the more recent?

A

Oldest bottom, most recent top

66
Q

Who did many fossils come from?

A

Extinct species.

67
Q

Extinct

A

Species that are no longer living today. A species is said to be extinct when the last individual has died.

68
Q

Evidence of evolution from living things

A

Anatomical similarities

69
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Study of structural similarities and differences among living things

70
Q

What does the presence of certain types of similarity suggest?

A

Evolutionary relationships between species

71
Q

Homologous structures

A

Parts of different organisms that have similar structures and development

72
Q

What is homologous structures evidence of?

A

Some species evolved from a common ancestor

73
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that have similar external forms and functions but different internal structures

74
Q

Are analogous structures evidence of anything?

A

No.

75
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral form

76
Q

Vestigial structures in modern organisms

A

The structures are reduced in size and serve little to no function

77
Q

What are some vestigial structures in humans?

A

Appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth

78
Q

What can scientists do with embryological development?

A

Scientists can compare the embryological development of different species and determine evolutionary relationships from them

79
Q

What do embryos of closely related species show?

A

Similar patterns of development

80
Q

What does it mean if a species greatly resembles each other during development?

A

Closely related

81
Q

What determines how alike the DNA and proteins of a species will be?

A

How close the evolutionary relationship is.

82
Q

Main principle of Lamarck

A

Variations within a species weren’t constant and evolution im animals occurred based on need to adapt to changes in the environment

83
Q

Year Lamarck

A

1809

84
Q

Principles of lamarck

A

Law of use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics

85
Q

Lamarck-law of use and disuse

A

The more and animal uses a particular part of its body, the stronger and better developed that part gets. The less the part is used, the weaker.

86
Q

Lamarck-inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Characteristics that an individual develops through use and disuse could be passed onto its offspring

87
Q

Who disproved Lamarck theory of acquired characteristics and how?

A

August Weismann, cutting the tails of mice

88
Q

What do the instructions in DNA code for?

A

The construction of proteins.

89
Q

Charles Darwin observation 1831 specimens

A

Observed gradual changes in species as traveled down coast South America

90
Q

Charles Darwin @ Galapagos

A

Found many diff species of finches living there. Alike, differed slightly

91
Q

Charles Darwin belief finches

A

Originated from mainland, evolved based on the different environments in each island.

92
Q

Darwin six main points of natural selection

A

overproduction, competition, variation, adaptations, natural selection, speciation (OCVANS)

93
Q

Darwin theory of evolution

A

natural selection

94
Q

Overproduction

A

most species produce more offspring then needed to maintain population

95
Q

Competition

A

living space/food limited, offspring compete for survival

96
Q

Variation(s)

A

characteristics of individuals of a species may differ in certain traits

97
Q

What may variations affect?

A

Some unimportant, others get food/escape enemies/find mates

98
Q

Adaptations

A

Individuals w most favorable adaptations reproduce, pass traits on to offspring

99
Q

Adaptation

A

any variation that improves individuals chance of survival

100
Q

Natural selection

A

based on the environment, the individuals with the most favorable adaptations reproduce and pass these traits on to their offspring

101
Q

Speciation

A

over many generations, favorable adaptations accumulate in the species and the unfavorable ones disappear. Eventually- changes are so great that the result is a new species.

102
Q

Rate of evolution

A

Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium

103
Q

Gradualism

A

evolution occurs slowly and continuously over millions of years

104
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

species stays same for extended periods of time, then rapid evolution in short period

105
Q

How does the fossil record support Punctuated equilibrium?

A

Transitional fossils are missing

106
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living things originate from other living organisms

107
Q

If biogenesis is true, where did the first living things originate?

A

heterotroph hypothesis-natural synthesis of organic compounds led to first living things

108
Q

Who formulated heterotroph hypothesis?

A

group of scientists 1920s and 1930s led by AI Oparin

109
Q

What was it like billions of yrs ago on earth?

A

Atmosphere-hotter, Hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, methane

110
Q

Hydrogen

A

H2

111
Q

Water

A

H2O

112
Q

Ammonia

A

NH3

113
Q

Methane

A

CH4

114
Q

Atmosphere today

A

N2, O2, CO2

115
Q

Who proved heterotroph hypothesis?

A

Stanley Miller, Harold Urey, 1953

116
Q

Natural synthesis of organic compounds

A

Many sources of energy present-radiation, electrical energy, UV light + visible light +X rays, energy led to

117
Q

Where did the energy come from in Natural synthesis of organic compounds?

A

Radiation from radioactive elements, electrical energy from lightning, light from sun

118
Q

What did the sources of energy in Natural synthesis of organic compounds allow for?

A

the formation of more complex organic compounds from the simple compounds that already existed

119
Q

Anaerobes

A

perform process called fermentation that allows to release energy, only occurs in lacking-oxygen conditions

120
Q

Earliest actual cells

A

prokaryotic heterotrophic anaerobes

121
Q

Experiment Urey and Miller

A

Created environment similar to early earth. boiling water in the apparatus forced the gases to circulate past sparking electrodes, creating organic compounds

122
Q

Aggregates of organic compounds

A

Gradually organic compounds started to cluster together in groups that contained some of the characteristics of life

123
Q

What were the clusters of large molecules called?

A

Coacervates

124
Q

What were the coacervates surrounded by? What did this mean?

A

Shell of water molecules forming a bounding membrane, keeping the inside separate from the outside and allowing chemical reactions to occur inside

125
Q

What happened when the coacervates became more complex?

A

They may have developed the ability to break down nutrients and release energy, allowing them to grow in size. (these were the first living things.)

126
Q

Pre 1850s, most peppered moths found in wooded areas in england

A

pale color. darker ones rare.

127
Q

Scientific name peppered moths

A

biston betularia

128
Q

What happened to moths when England industrialized?

A

Heavy smoke darkened tree trunks, killed light color lichens

129
Q

By 1890 what color were most moths in industrialized regions

A

dark

130
Q

what happened w the moths

A

b4 industrialized revolution, light moths camouflaged in trees, giving reproductive trees advantage. then when the trees darkened, it was the dark ones who had this.

131
Q

bacterial resistance to antibiotics

A

antibiotics usually kill bacteria, but when resistant strains appear, they multiply ands then can’t be killed

132
Q

What happened when supply of organic food ran out

A

autotrophic cells (formed via mutation) selected for.

133
Q

aerobic cells evolved due to what?

A

oxygen released by photosynthesis of autotrophic cells

134
Q

What did the aerobic cells do once they had evolved?

A

Performed aerobic respiration, taking place in presence of O2 and releasing more energy then fermentation (more efficient)

135
Q

What happened now that there was oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Sunlight would break the double bonds of oxygen, forming ozone which protected the surface of the earth and allows organisms to move to land

136
Q

Ozone

A

O3

137
Q

What does the formation of ozone stop?

A

The abiotic synthesis of organic molecules

138
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving

139
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own separate prokaryotic cells, but were taken in by others without being broken down. This was a symbiotic relationship in which both cells benefited and resulted in the eukaryotic cells.

Biology (15 decks)

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