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Digestive/Circulatory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestive system

A

group of organs that take in food and change it into a form the body can use

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2
Q

How many ways does the food change as it moves thru the digestive system?

A

2, physical + chemical change

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3
Q

Physical change

A

when large pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces, only size and shape of particles different

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4
Q

Chemical change

A

turns food into a form that the cells can use by breaking bonds

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5
Q

What speeds up chemical change?

A

enzymes

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6
Q

What is the digestive pathway made up of?

A

A one way pathway for ingested food and certain accessory organs that help the digestive system function

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7
Q

What is the one way passageway called?

A

GI tract (gastrointestinal)

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8
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

a hollow tube w an opening at either end

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9
Q

How long is the average GI tract?

A

29ft long

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10
Q

Study Organ Diagram

A

Do it again

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11
Q

Mouth

A

Oral cavity

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12
Q

Mechanical digestion in mouth

A

Teeth break pieces of food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for enzymes

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13
Q

Chemical digestion in mouth

A

salivary amylase in saliva breaks down the starch into maltose

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14
Q

What secretes saliva in the mouth?

A

salivary glands

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15
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Enzyme which begins the digestion of carbohydrates

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16
Q

Tongue

A

helps mix the chewed food w/ saliva and moves it to the back of the mouth, to the pharynx for swallowing

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17
Q

What does swallowing do?

A

moves the epiglottis over the trachea to prevent the food from entering the lungs

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18
Q

Esophagus

A

muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach

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19
Q

Does any digestion take place in the esophagus?

A

No

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20
Q

Peristalsis

A

Slow rhythmic muscular contractions of the walls of the esophagus

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21
Q

Function of peristalsis

A

help move food to stomach

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22
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

ring of muscle found btwn the esophagus and stomach.

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23
Q

function of Cardiac sphincter

A

helps control passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach

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24
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac w/ glands that both physically and chemically digests.

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25
Q

How does stomach physically digest?

A

physically mixes food by contracting walls of stomach

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26
Q

How does stomach chemically digest?

A

releasing gastric juice

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27
Q

What are the two types of glands the stomach contains?

A

Pyloric glands and gastric glands

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28
Q

Pyloric glands

A

secrete mucus which covers the stomach lining and protects it

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29
Q

Gastric glands

A

release gastric juice

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30
Q

What does gastric juice contain?

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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31
Q

Why HCl in gastric juice?

A

providing the right pH for enzymes

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32
Q

Why pepsin in gastric juice?

A

begins the digestion of proteins by breaking down proteins into polypeptide chain

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33
Q

What stimulates flow of gastric juice?

A

food touching lining of stomach, thought/smell/sight/taste of food, stretching of stomach wall by large food mass

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34
Q

chyme

A

new post stomach liquid form of food

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35
Q

What happens to the chyme?

A

moves into the small intestine

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36
Q

pyloric sphinctor

A

a sphinctor that controls the passage of food from the stomach to small intestine

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37
Q

small intestine

A

long coiled 20ft tube w/ a small diameter

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38
Q

Accessory organs function

A

connect to small intestine, release fluids which help in digestion into the duodenum

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39
Q

duodenum

A

upper part of small intestine

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40
Q

List of accessory organs

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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41
Q

Liver

A

makes bile

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42
Q

Bile

A

chemical helps liquify fats

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43
Q

What is the process of bile liquifying fats called?

A

emulsification

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44
Q

What does emulsification do?

A

Helps increase surface area so that more enzymes can chemically digest it

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45
Q

When the bile leaves the liver, where does it go?

A

Gallbladder

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46
Q

Gallbladder

A

small, baglike structure under the liver

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47
Q

Gallbladder function

A

stores bile until it’s ready to be released into small intestine

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48
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes enzymes that are released into the small intestine through a duct

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49
Q

What are the three enzymes of the pancreas?

A

Protease, lipase, and amylase

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50
Q

Protease

A

digests proteins

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51
Q

Lipase

A

digests lipids

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52
Q

Amylase

A

digests carbohydrates

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53
Q

What enzymes does the small intestine produce?

A

peptidase and maltase

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54
Q

peptidase

A

breaks down polypeptides to amino acids

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55
Q

maltase

A

breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides

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56
Q

villi

A

fingerlike structures found in lining of small intestines

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57
Q

In the villi

A

vessels that absorb the nutrients

58
Q

microvilli

A

smaller projections then villi found on the cells bordering the villi. they further increase the surface area

59
Q

capillaries

A

small blood vessels that absorb sugars and amino acid

60
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

large intestine

A

larger diameter but shorter length then small intestine, undigested food moves here from SI

62
Q

what happens to excess water in the large intestine

A

reabsorbed, helping body to conserve water

63
Q

What lives in the large intestine

A

helpful bacteria that produce necessary compounds (Vitamin K)

64
Q

Remaining wastes of large intestine

A

moved to rectum

65
Q

where are feces released?

A

anus

66
Q

Appendix

A

small fingerlike part found where small and large intestines meet, doesn’t take part in digestion

67
Q

ulcer

A

stomach, open sore on wall of digestive tract, irritated by acid of gastric juice

68
Q

treatment ulcer

A

antacid/special diet/medications

69
Q

constipation

A

large intestine, excessive removal of water from undigested material, hardening feces

70
Q

constipation result of…

A

insufficient roughage in diet

71
Q

roughage

A

food that can’t be totally digested

72
Q

diarrhea

A

large intestine, insufficient removal of water from undigested material, making feces watery

73
Q

diarrhea causes and results

A

infection, dehydration of body tissues

74
Q

appendicitis

A

appendix is infected and inflamed. if unable to control, surgery is needed to remove it.

75
Q

gallstones

A

small hard particles of cholesterol form and collect in the gallbladder, possibly blocking the bile duct and causing pain

76
Q

treatment gallstones

A

remove gallbladder

77
Q

transport

A

process by which substances move into or out of/distributed within cells

78
Q

Why don’t simple organisms need a circulatory system?

A

Materials can easily diffuse in and out of the cells

79
Q

Why do complex organisms need a circulatory system?

A

Large, contain cells far from the outside environment

80
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transport materials to and from all parts of the organism

81
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid in which the materials are transported

82
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

A network of tubes through which blood flows

83
Q

Protist circulation

A

No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion/active transport.) movement aided by cyclosis

84
Q

Cyclosis

A

streaming of the cytoplasm

85
Q

Hydra

A

No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion of water.) muscular movemnts of hydra stretching helps distrubute materials in gastrovascular cavity

86
Q

Earthworm

A

closed circulatory system

87
Q

hemoglobin

A

red pigment found in blood of humans and earthworms, carries O2

88
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood not contained within vessels

89
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood contained within vessels

90
Q

Earthworm-blood vessels

A

two major vessels, branch off into capillaries

91
Q

capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels one cell thick everywhere that nutrients and waste diffuse in and out of body tissues w

92
Q

Earthworm hearts

A

5 aortic arches, pumping blood btwn the two vessels

93
Q

Grasshopper

A

open circulatory system (only transports nutrients and wastes, colorless-no hemoglobin)

94
Q

Gas transportation grasshopper

A

separate tubes

95
Q

Heart grasshopper

A

single vessel-aorta, and tubular heart in back of grasshopper, pumping blood

96
Q

Which is less efficient open or closed?

A

open

97
Q

Blood

A

picks up and delivers needed materials (O2, nutrients, water) and picks up waste products (urea, CO2)

98
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back toward heart, one way valves, many located near skeletal muscle helping to force blood thru

99
Q

arteries

A

large vessel that carry O2’ed blood away from heart (except for pulmonary artery), thick walls

100
Q

capillaries

A

connect veins and arteries, smallest

101
Q

heart

A

pump that helps circulate blood thru the vessels

102
Q

types of blood vessels

A

3: veins, arteries, capillaries (arterioles and venules)

103
Q

Human heart location and size

A

near center of chest, clenched fist

104
Q

human heart

A

pumps blood throughout the whole body

105
Q

pericardium

A

protective sac of tissue around the heart

106
Q

myocardium

A

thick layer of muscle in walls of heart, provides contractions to pump blood

107
Q

Speed and amount of heart blood

A

contacts 72 times per minute, 70ml of blood each contraction

108
Q

Septum

A

wall between two sides of heart

109
Q

Atrium

A

Upper chamber (s), receiver of blood

110
Q

Ventricle

A

Lower chamber(s), pumper of blood, thicker walls

111
Q

AV valves

A

Atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from atria to the ventricles

112
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

located on right side of heart, containing three flaps

113
Q

What are the two AV valves?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves

114
Q

Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve

A

located on left side of heart containing two flaps

115
Q

semilunar valves

A

two valves located between the ventricles and the arteries that lead away from them

116
Q

What do semilunar valves do?

A

preventing blood from flowing back to the ventricles

117
Q

Right side of heart

A

blood from all over body enters and pumped toward lungs

118
Q

What does blood do in the lungs?

A

drop off CO2, pick up O2

119
Q

left side of heart

A

after lungs, the now-O2’ed blood flows enters it and is pumped to rest of body, to drop off O2 and nutrients and pick up waste

120
Q

What happens to the blood after it travels through the body?

A

It returns, O2 poor bc the cells took most of it, loading the blood w CO2. It’s ready for lungs

121
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pumping of blood from heart to lungs and then back to the heart

122
Q

systemic circulation

A

the pumping of blood from heart to body then back to heart

123
Q

right side of heart blood

A

deoxygenated

124
Q

left side of heart blood

A

oxygenated

125
Q

Process

A

Not O2ed blood to right atrium thru vena cavas thru tricuspid valve to RV to pulmonary artery thru semilunar valve to lungs to LA thru pulmonary vein thru bicuspid valve into LV to aorta thru semilunar valve to body

126
Q

Coronary circulation

A

systemic circulation to muscles of heart

127
Q

Renal circulation

A

systemic circulation to kidneys

128
Q

What does the kidney do with the waste (urea, salt, water) from the blood?

A

Disposed of in form of urine

129
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

systemic circulation from digestive tract to liver

130
Q

What does the liver do to the blood?

A

Absorbs excess glucose as stored glycogen or release glucose if there’s a shortage, maintaining the balance

131
Q

Sound of heartbeat

A

valves closing shut

132
Q

what causes first sound of heartbeat

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valve when ventricles squeeze

133
Q

what causes second sound of heartbeat

A

semilunar valves when ventricles stop squeezing

134
Q

sinoatrial node

A

small group of cardiac muscle cells located in the RA where contractions begin

135
Q

pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node

136
Q

What contracts the atria and pumps blood into ventricles?

A

impulse from pacemaker spreading to muscle fibers in atria

137
Q

Where does the pacemaker impulse spread?

A

atrioventricular node and purkinje fibers, pumping blood out of heart

138
Q

where are the purkinje fibers?

A

fibers in the ventricles

139
Q

atrioventricular node

A

bundle of fibers in atria

140
Q

What can the nervous system do to the heart?

A

stimulate it to change pace for more O2 rich blood

141
Q

largest artery

A

aorta, from LV to rest of body

142
Q

largest vein

A

vena cava

Biology (15 decks)

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