Digestive/Circulatory system Flashcards
Digestive system
group of organs that take in food and change it into a form the body can use
How many ways does the food change as it moves thru the digestive system?
2, physical + chemical change
Physical change
when large pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces, only size and shape of particles different
Chemical change
turns food into a form that the cells can use by breaking bonds
What speeds up chemical change?
enzymes
What is the digestive pathway made up of?
A one way pathway for ingested food and certain accessory organs that help the digestive system function
What is the one way passageway called?
GI tract (gastrointestinal)
What is the GI tract?
a hollow tube w an opening at either end
How long is the average GI tract?
29ft long
Study Organ Diagram
Do it again
Mouth
Oral cavity
Mechanical digestion in mouth
Teeth break pieces of food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area for enzymes
Chemical digestion in mouth
salivary amylase in saliva breaks down the starch into maltose
What secretes saliva in the mouth?
salivary glands
What is salivary amylase?
Enzyme which begins the digestion of carbohydrates
Tongue
helps mix the chewed food w/ saliva and moves it to the back of the mouth, to the pharynx for swallowing
What does swallowing do?
moves the epiglottis over the trachea to prevent the food from entering the lungs
Esophagus
muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach
Does any digestion take place in the esophagus?
No
Peristalsis
Slow rhythmic muscular contractions of the walls of the esophagus
Function of peristalsis
help move food to stomach
Cardiac sphincter
ring of muscle found btwn the esophagus and stomach.
function of Cardiac sphincter
helps control passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach
stomach
muscular sac w/ glands that both physically and chemically digests.
How does stomach physically digest?
physically mixes food by contracting walls of stomach
How does stomach chemically digest?
releasing gastric juice
What are the two types of glands the stomach contains?
Pyloric glands and gastric glands
Pyloric glands
secrete mucus which covers the stomach lining and protects it
Gastric glands
release gastric juice
What does gastric juice contain?
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Why HCl in gastric juice?
providing the right pH for enzymes
Why pepsin in gastric juice?
begins the digestion of proteins by breaking down proteins into polypeptide chain
What stimulates flow of gastric juice?
food touching lining of stomach, thought/smell/sight/taste of food, stretching of stomach wall by large food mass
chyme
new post stomach liquid form of food
What happens to the chyme?
moves into the small intestine
pyloric sphinctor
a sphinctor that controls the passage of food from the stomach to small intestine
small intestine
long coiled 20ft tube w/ a small diameter
Accessory organs function
connect to small intestine, release fluids which help in digestion into the duodenum
duodenum
upper part of small intestine
List of accessory organs
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Liver
makes bile
Bile
chemical helps liquify fats
What is the process of bile liquifying fats called?
emulsification
What does emulsification do?
Helps increase surface area so that more enzymes can chemically digest it
When the bile leaves the liver, where does it go?
Gallbladder
Gallbladder
small, baglike structure under the liver
Gallbladder function
stores bile until it’s ready to be released into small intestine
Pancreas
Makes enzymes that are released into the small intestine through a duct
What are the three enzymes of the pancreas?
Protease, lipase, and amylase
Protease
digests proteins
Lipase
digests lipids
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
What enzymes does the small intestine produce?
peptidase and maltase
peptidase
breaks down polypeptides to amino acids
maltase
breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides
villi
fingerlike structures found in lining of small intestines
In the villi
vessels that absorb the nutrients
microvilli
smaller projections then villi found on the cells bordering the villi. they further increase the surface area
capillaries
small blood vessels that absorb sugars and amino acid
lacteals
lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fatty acids and glycerol
large intestine
larger diameter but shorter length then small intestine, undigested food moves here from SI
what happens to excess water in the large intestine
reabsorbed, helping body to conserve water
What lives in the large intestine
helpful bacteria that produce necessary compounds (Vitamin K)
Remaining wastes of large intestine
moved to rectum
where are feces released?
anus
Appendix
small fingerlike part found where small and large intestines meet, doesn’t take part in digestion
ulcer
stomach, open sore on wall of digestive tract, irritated by acid of gastric juice
treatment ulcer
antacid/special diet/medications
constipation
large intestine, excessive removal of water from undigested material, hardening feces
constipation result of…
insufficient roughage in diet
roughage
food that can’t be totally digested
diarrhea
large intestine, insufficient removal of water from undigested material, making feces watery
diarrhea causes and results
infection, dehydration of body tissues
appendicitis
appendix is infected and inflamed. if unable to control, surgery is needed to remove it.
gallstones
small hard particles of cholesterol form and collect in the gallbladder, possibly blocking the bile duct and causing pain
treatment gallstones
remove gallbladder
transport
process by which substances move into or out of/distributed within cells
Why don’t simple organisms need a circulatory system?
Materials can easily diffuse in and out of the cells
Why do complex organisms need a circulatory system?
Large, contain cells far from the outside environment
Circulatory system
Transport materials to and from all parts of the organism
What is blood?
A fluid in which the materials are transported
What are blood vessels?
A network of tubes through which blood flows
Protist circulation
No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion/active transport.) movement aided by cyclosis
Cyclosis
streaming of the cytoplasm
Hydra
No circulatory system (transfer thru diffusion of water.) muscular movemnts of hydra stretching helps distrubute materials in gastrovascular cavity
Earthworm
closed circulatory system
hemoglobin
red pigment found in blood of humans and earthworms, carries O2
open circulatory system
blood not contained within vessels
closed circulatory system
blood contained within vessels
Earthworm-blood vessels
two major vessels, branch off into capillaries
capillaries
tiny blood vessels one cell thick everywhere that nutrients and waste diffuse in and out of body tissues w
Earthworm hearts
5 aortic arches, pumping blood btwn the two vessels
Grasshopper
open circulatory system (only transports nutrients and wastes, colorless-no hemoglobin)
Gas transportation grasshopper
separate tubes
Heart grasshopper
single vessel-aorta, and tubular heart in back of grasshopper, pumping blood
Which is less efficient open or closed?
open
Blood
picks up and delivers needed materials (O2, nutrients, water) and picks up waste products (urea, CO2)
Veins
carry blood back toward heart, one way valves, many located near skeletal muscle helping to force blood thru
arteries
large vessel that carry O2’ed blood away from heart (except for pulmonary artery), thick walls
capillaries
connect veins and arteries, smallest
heart
pump that helps circulate blood thru the vessels
types of blood vessels
3: veins, arteries, capillaries (arterioles and venules)
Human heart location and size
near center of chest, clenched fist
human heart
pumps blood throughout the whole body
pericardium
protective sac of tissue around the heart
myocardium
thick layer of muscle in walls of heart, provides contractions to pump blood
Speed and amount of heart blood
contacts 72 times per minute, 70ml of blood each contraction
Septum
wall between two sides of heart
Atrium
Upper chamber (s), receiver of blood
Ventricle
Lower chamber(s), pumper of blood, thicker walls
AV valves
Atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from atria to the ventricles
Tricuspid valve
located on right side of heart, containing three flaps
What are the two AV valves?
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve
located on left side of heart containing two flaps
semilunar valves
two valves located between the ventricles and the arteries that lead away from them
What do semilunar valves do?
preventing blood from flowing back to the ventricles
Right side of heart
blood from all over body enters and pumped toward lungs
What does blood do in the lungs?
drop off CO2, pick up O2
left side of heart
after lungs, the now-O2’ed blood flows enters it and is pumped to rest of body, to drop off O2 and nutrients and pick up waste
What happens to the blood after it travels through the body?
It returns, O2 poor bc the cells took most of it, loading the blood w CO2. It’s ready for lungs
pulmonary circulation
pumping of blood from heart to lungs and then back to the heart
systemic circulation
the pumping of blood from heart to body then back to heart
right side of heart blood
deoxygenated
left side of heart blood
oxygenated
Process
Not O2ed blood to right atrium thru vena cavas thru tricuspid valve to RV to pulmonary artery thru semilunar valve to lungs to LA thru pulmonary vein thru bicuspid valve into LV to aorta thru semilunar valve to body
Coronary circulation
systemic circulation to muscles of heart
Renal circulation
systemic circulation to kidneys
What does the kidney do with the waste (urea, salt, water) from the blood?
Disposed of in form of urine
Hepatic portal circulation
systemic circulation from digestive tract to liver
What does the liver do to the blood?
Absorbs excess glucose as stored glycogen or release glucose if there’s a shortage, maintaining the balance
Sound of heartbeat
valves closing shut
what causes first sound of heartbeat
bicuspid and tricuspid valve when ventricles squeeze
what causes second sound of heartbeat
semilunar valves when ventricles stop squeezing
sinoatrial node
small group of cardiac muscle cells located in the RA where contractions begin
pacemaker
sinoatrial node
What contracts the atria and pumps blood into ventricles?
impulse from pacemaker spreading to muscle fibers in atria
Where does the pacemaker impulse spread?
atrioventricular node and purkinje fibers, pumping blood out of heart
where are the purkinje fibers?
fibers in the ventricles
atrioventricular node
bundle of fibers in atria
What can the nervous system do to the heart?
stimulate it to change pace for more O2 rich blood
largest artery
aorta, from LV to rest of body
largest vein
vena cava
