Test 2: 20: orthopedic disease of dogs

Question 1

panosteitis occurs in — age dogs

Answer 1

5-18 months

single or multiple limbs
large or giant breeds

Question 2

clinical signs of panosteitis

Answer 2

shifting lameness
not changed by exercise or rest
long bone: Ulna > radius > humerus > femur > tibia
pain mid shaft of bone

large or giant breed
5-18 months old

Question 3

panosteitis occurs in what bones

Answer 3

Ulna > radius > humerus > femur > tibia

large or giant breeds
5-18 months
shifting lameness
pain mid shaft of bone

Question 4

what causes panosteitis

Answer 4

unknown:
could be genetic, viral, autoimmune

Disease of the adipocytes
* Death of medullary adipocytes near nutrient foramen → stimulates fibroblastic and osteoblastic activity → intramedullary new bone formation and resorption

Question 5

xray of panosteitis

Answer 5

Intramedullary opacity
Endosteal thickening
Periosteal new bone

large breed
5-18 months
mid shaft long bone pain

Question 6

treatment of panosteitis

Answer 6

conservative
usually goes away in a few months
NSAIDs for pain

Question 7

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy occurs in — age dogs

Answer 7

HOD
large and giant breed
3-5 months old

Question 8

dogs with Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy(HOD) present with

Answer 8

fever
depression, anorexia, refusal to stand/walk

large breeds
3-5 months old

Question 9

dogs with Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy(HOD) present with

Answer 9

fever
depression, anorexia, refusal to stand/walk
swollen metaphysis
painful at growth plates (especially front legs)

large breeds
3-5 months old

Question 10

what causes Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)

Answer 10

unknown
viral?

people previously thought vit D deficiencies

large breed
3-5 months
painful at physis, won’t walk, fever

Question 11

xrays of HOD

Answer 11

pseudophysis
* Irregular radiolucent line on the metaphyseal side of the physis

widening of physis

As disease progresses – periosteal new
bone formation that can span the active physis

Question 12

what zone increases with HOD

Answer 12

hypertrophic zone

widens but not calcified- inflammatory cells can invade

form pseydophysis

Question 13

treatment of mild HOD

Answer 13

resolves in a few days
pain (NSAIDs)

Question 14

treatment of moderate HOD

Answer 14

pain relief
IVF

Question 15

treatment of severe HOD

Answer 15

Analgesia, IVF, feeding tubes, well padded bedding, recumbent care

if very severe→euthanasia

Question 16

prognosis of HOD

Answer 16

mild and moderate: good but can relapse

severe: good but ususually permanent malformation, sometimes have to euthanize

Question 17

what causes osteochondrosis

Answer 17

delay in endrochondral ossification

forms cartilage island that can cause pain and degregation of joint

Question 18

osteochondrosis at the primary physis will cause

Answer 18

Growth abnormalities (angular limb
deformities, slipped physis)

primary physis= metaphyseal growth plate (green)

Question 19

osteochondrosis at the 2nd physis can cause

Answer 19

Growth abnormalities

May result in chondro-osseous flaps
→ Osteochondritis dissecans OCD

secondary physis= epiphyseal

Question 20

OCD on xray

Answer 20

irregularity in normal subchondral bone contour

joint mice if pieces break off

subchondral sclerosis

Question 21

OCD in dogs in stifle is common on

Answer 21

lateral femoral condyle

Question 22

shoulder OCD in dogs in common on

Answer 22

caudal humeral head

Question 23

tarsal OCD in dogs is common on

Answer 23

medial trochlear ridge of the talus

Question 24

elbow OCD in dogs is common on the

Answer 24

humeral trochlea

Question 25

treatment of OCD

Answer 25

remove flap debride and expose subchondral bone → fibrocartilage can use chondral, osteochondral or synthetic graphs

Question 26

prognosis of OCD

Answer 26

depends on joint involved and size of defect

Question 27

which joint usually does poorly with OCD in dogs

Answer 27

elbow tarsus stifle

Question 28

which joint does well after surgery for OCD in dogs

Answer 28

shoulder

Question 29

elbow what is wrong

Answer 29

ununited anconeal process (UAP) Failure of union of the anconeus and ulna * Usually fuses b/t 14-15 weeks * Few breeds longer and up to 20 weeks

Question 30

elbow what is wrong

Answer 30

fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP)

Question 31

elbow: what is wrong

Answer 31

elbow incongruity: radius and ulna different lengths

Question 32

if you have partial damage to physis what happens to bone

Answer 32

will curve angulation and legth discrepancy

Question 33

this is common in beagles

Answer 33

premature closure of the distral ulnar physis leads to angular limb deformities

Question 34

how to treat early angular limb deformities

Answer 34

Protect the joints above and below from incongruity and subsequent OA and pain Early – **partial ulnar ostectomy** * Untether radial growth from the ulna for the entire period of growth

Question 35

how to treat later angular limb deformities

Answer 35

limb straightening +/- limb lengthening * Osteotomy, wedge ostectomy * CESF with distraction osteogenesis

Question 36

where are common sites of OCD in dogs

Answer 36

stifle: lateral femoral condyle tarsal: medial trochlear ridge of the talus shoulder: caudal humeral head elbow: humeral trochlea