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Psych 321: Social Psych > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three elements that comprise the psychological triad?

A

thinking, feeling and behavior

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2
Q

In the Psychological triad, what is Thinking related to?

A

Cognition

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3
Q

In the psychological triad, what is feeling related to?

A

Affect or emotion

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4
Q

wHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?

A

Scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, andf behaviors are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

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5
Q

What was the main finding of norman tripletts biking study in 1987?

A

Copetition enhances performance

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6
Q

Who were the Modern theorists of social psychology?

A

Gordon alport, Stanley Milgram, and Kurt lewin

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7
Q

What did Gordon Allport emphasize the importance of?

A

Attitudes

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8
Q

What did stanley milgram emphasize the importance of?

A

The role of obidience (this is important in light of world war 2

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9
Q

What was Jurt Lewin Focused Mainly on?

A

Dynamic approach and focused on structure of psychological situation

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10
Q

What did Kurt Lewin believe were the Two sources of Incluence on a persons behavior?

A

Personality psychgology- person

and

Social Psychology- environment

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11
Q

What was Kurt Lewins Famous Equation?

A

B= f(P,E)

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12
Q

What is the definition of a Theory?

A

Explinations for observed phenomena

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13
Q

Sciences job is to ____ and _____ theories?

A

create, and refine

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14
Q

What does the cyclical nature of theory building look like

A

Theory(Use theory to make prediction)— prediction (design experiment to test prediction)—- experiment (preform the experiment)—- Observation (create or modify the theory

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15
Q

How do hypotheses relate to theories?

A

They are predictions that theories produce

Hypotheses are derived - Dissatisfaction with existing theories and explanations.

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16
Q

Theory guides research, research suggests changes to or verifies theories T O F?

A

T

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17
Q

What are operational definitions?

A

observable operations procedures and measurements that are based on the iv and dv

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18
Q

In relation Social psychology what are the three major types of research designs?

A

Observational, correlational, and expereimental

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19
Q

What type of research designs are used to describe the nature of a phenomenon?

A

Observational studies

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20
Q

What type of study is ver good for description of social behavior?

A

Observational study

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21
Q

If you want to see if a phenomenon exists in social psychology, what research method should you use?

A

Observational

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22
Q

What is the most common research design in psychology?

A

Correlational design

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23
Q

What does correlational mean?

A

Association- IE is there an association between two variables

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24
Q

What kind of research design matches up with “ Is narcissism correlated with being more attractive?

A

Correlational dersign

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25
Q

What does the correlation coefficient do?

A

Indicates the correlation between two things- use it to compare associations between two measured variables

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26
Q

What is the correlation coefficient represented as?

A

Pearson’s r

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27
Q

In relation to correlation coefficients, how would you describe -1.0?

A

Strong Negative correlation

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28
Q

In relation to correlation coefficients, how would you describe 1.0?

A

Strong positive correlation

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29
Q

In relation to correlation coefficients, how would you describe .3?

A

Weak Positive correlation

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30
Q

Why can’t causation be inferred?

A

Need correlation, confounding variables

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31
Q

correlation does not imply ____

A

Causation

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32
Q

What do spurious correlations show us?

A

Correlations can be meaningless IE: Nicholas cage films correlating with people drowning

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33
Q

What kind of research design can determine casualty by Manipulating one variable to see its effect on another variable ?

A

Experimental design

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34
Q

What does random assignment mean?

A

each participant has an equal opportunity of being in the control or experimental group

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35
Q

Why is Random Assignment important?

A

Ensures participants in the random groups share roughly the same characteristics– and it ensures representativeness of population

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36
Q

What is the definition of reliability?

A

The extent to which you get the same answer each time

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37
Q

A reliable measure yields what?

A

Consistent measurements across situation

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38
Q

In relation to ways to assess reliability, why is the test-retest method effective?

A

Because repetition allows the researcher to compare the data, and if scores are consistent over time you can conclude your test is reliable

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39
Q

In relation to ways to assess reliability, why is the Inter-rater reliability test effective?

A

because if multiple raters (observers) agree you can chalk up your design as reliable

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40
Q

What does a valid measure asses?

A

What it claims to asses- the ultimate truth

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41
Q

Can an unreliable measure be v alid?

A

No

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42
Q

Can a reliable measure be valid?

A

Not necessarily

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43
Q

What are the 5 different types of validity?

A

Face, predictive, convergent , discriminant, and constrcut

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44
Q

What is Face Validity?

A

covering the concept it appears to measure

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45
Q

What is an example of Face validity?

A

appearing to covr conept you’re measureoing- asking a student what they thought about the test after they took iot

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46
Q

What is preduictive validity?

A

Does it predict what it claims to measure. used to predict future results or other elements

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47
Q

What is an example of predictive validity?

A

High sat scores equal a student having a high gpa- using this for examples sake, not really true, many elements actually go into this

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48
Q

What is Convergent validity?

A

test if constructs are related to other measures of the same construct

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49
Q

What is an example of convergent validity?

A

is self esteem related to self worth

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50
Q

What is Discriminant validity?

A

Test to see if in fact constructs are unrelated to other measures that it should not be

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51
Q

What is a construct validity?

A

All of the different types of validities combined

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52
Q

What does it mean for a measure to be Generalizable?

A

Reflective of the population you sampled from and

valid across contexts (cultures and genders, and tests

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53
Q

What is a major threat to generalizability?

A

The WEIRD sample model

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54
Q

What does Weird stand for?

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic- biased to all of these attributes

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55
Q

Changes over time is also a threat to?

A

Generalizability

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56
Q

What is an example to how changes over time can be a threat to generalizability?

A

The change in narcissism over the past 30 years

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57
Q

What are two ways to enhance generalizability?

A

Collect data from diverse samples of individuals - dif gender, race, ethnicity, and sample different cultures

collect data repeatedly over time

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58
Q

How do you improve reliability?

A

Implement random samples into your study

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59
Q

What are the four Major requirements for participation in research?

A

Participation must be:

Voluntary

no threats/coercion

no inappropriate financial inducements

no harm/exploitation

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60
Q

What is an IRB?

A

Institutional review board

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61
Q

What is informed constent?

A

Explaing to the participant every aspect of the research and their rights so they can accurately decided toparticipate or not

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62
Q

What two elements have to take place for deception to be used in reseach?

A

IRB must be persuaded that alternatives to using deception would not adequately examine hypotheses.

Study must substantially contribute to literature.

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63
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Fully explains research and hypothesis to participants

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64
Q

What word describes ,”Clears up any misunderstandings/misconceptions about research”

A

deception

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65
Q

What is culture?

A

All environmental factors

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66
Q

What are some examples of culture?

A

Prenatal nutrition, exposure to drugs, friends, neighborhood, parenting

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67
Q

What does nature relate to (In culture v nature)

A

Genetics

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68
Q

What are some examples of nature?

A

Hormones, nerotransmitters, structure/activity in brain

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69
Q

What are some important features of culture?

A

Shared Ideas,

Culture as a system

Culture as information and meaning

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70
Q

What did the case of Brenda/ David reamer show?

A

Brenda never really fit in as a girl, she wanted to play with fighting toys and play sports. she wanted no part in dating boys. Began to identify as a man later in life

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71
Q

What does the case of Brenda/David reamer show?

A

Given the boy’s difficulty in adjusting to his female identity, the story suggests that gender differences are not solely because of socialization.

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72
Q

Human thoughts, feelings and behaviors are both _____ and _____

A

Culture, Nature

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73
Q

What do twin studies show to support the statement of both culture and nature?

A

comparing identitcal to fraternal twins in studies= 50% of variance= genetic, and 50% variance = environmental

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74
Q

genotypes’ relation to phenotypes and the environment’s role in it

A

Genotypes are codes for phentypical chaetcristics, however, it should be noted that there is much variation in genotype and that one’s genotype does not match up with others who have similar phenotypicak charecteristics, like race. That is a social construct

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75
Q

What is an example of gene x environment interactions?

A

The 5-htt Gene and depression- when one has the specific type of 5-htt gene and comes from an environment of abuse it correlates with higher rates of depression in those same people

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76
Q

What does epigenetics show?

A

Your environment changes your genotype

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77
Q

Genes produce traits such as?

A

Behaviors thoughts and feelings

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78
Q

Certain traits spread because theyre adaptive, what are two specific ones that have spread over the evolutionary process?

A

Natural and sexual selection

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79
Q

What does Natural Selection promote?

A

Promote survival

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80
Q

What does Sexual Selction promote?

A

Reproduction

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81
Q

What does adaptive mean?

A

Traits that become a means of survival Within a specific environment

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82
Q

What are some examples of adaptiveness?

A

Fur- adaptive for artic, not tropics

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83
Q

What s the definition of evolution?

A

The biological process only makjes sense when considered in context with the environment

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84
Q

What is an example of evolution?

A

The finch example, where beaks changed to increase, insect eating, there was a beak for woodpecker insect eating, and one for seed eatnng

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85
Q

What does the social brain hypothesis propose?

A

that the neocortex has grown over time to account for a larger group size in the world and the take of navigating all the compolexities in large groups

86
Q

What is the duplex mind?

A

The automatic and deliberate (conscious) system

87
Q

What is the automatic system?

A

Outside of consciousness, simple operations, always on, even in sleep[, inflexible, poor at combining info, effortless

88
Q

What is the deliberate (conscious) system?

A

Complex operations, turns off during sleep, flexible, guided by intentions, controllable, effortful depends on automatic system

89
Q

What Part of the duplex mon is more likely to figure it out?

A

Deliberate

90
Q

What part of the duplex mind is more likely to go with a gut feeling?

A

Automatic

91
Q

The automatic system does things quickly and efficiently. The deliberate system does things slowly and takes effort.
t o f

A

t

92
Q

how does the duplex mind work toigether?

A

Automatic system makes conscious thoughts possible, and conscious override?: deleberiate system can suppress automatic urges

93
Q

The self is fundamentally _____

A

Social

94
Q

The brain’s default setting is _____

A

Social

95
Q

What three terms comprise the Tripartite self?

A

Self-concept, social self, and agent self

96
Q

What is self concept( self knowledge in relation to the tripartite self

A

Information about self, self awareness, self esteem

97
Q

What is the social or public self?

A

Social roles. relationship partner, membership of groups

98
Q

What is an agent self?

A

Decision making, active responding, self control,

99
Q

What are the functions of the self?

A

organizational- helps organize, interpret, and recall info about self

executive- tells of relationship to physical and social world, organizes behavior, plans for futire

100
Q

In relation to Williams James’s I/ME self, what is the “I” self?

A

Self as subject, experience as perceiver, thinker and actor

101
Q

In relation to Williams James’s I/ME self, what is the “me” self

A

Self as object, view of yourself, self consciousness, uniquely huiman

102
Q

In relation to the emergence of self, what happens during 18-24 months?

A

Linguistic markers, self referencing, and signifigant past events, mirror self recognition, imitation of others

103
Q

In relation to the emergence of self, what happens during 2-3 years?

A

Emotional markers, self-conscious emotions I self evaluates me self

104
Q

What does the Miroor test show?

A

If the subject shows self recognition

105
Q

How is the mirror test performed?

A

Putting a red dot on subjects forehead then placing them in front of a mirror. if they touch the red dot, that shows self recognition f they touch the mirror It does not

106
Q

What is Independent self construl?

A

Independent view of self, and what makes the slelf different from pthers

107
Q

What does interdependent Self construal mean?

A

Interdependent view of self, and what connects the self to the group?

108
Q

In relation to cultural differences of self construal, which self construal is most likely to be western, and which ios most likely to be eastern

A

Western- independent

eastern-interdependent

109
Q

What are the three main selves apart of self discrepancy theory?

A

Actual, ideal, and ought to self

110
Q

In Self discrepancy theory what is the actual self?

A

How you see yourself

111
Q

In self discrepancy theory the researchers propose, self esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between?

A

How you see yourself and how you want to see yourself

112
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

How you wish you were?

113
Q

What is the ought self?

A

How you feel you ought to be from outside preasures

114
Q

What does self awareness theory posit?

A

People who are aware of themselves will tend to notice these discrepencies more than people who are less self aware.

115
Q

Since noticing a discrepancy is not a pleasant experience there are two reactions that people can have to get out of this unpleasant state- which are?

A

If it seems to be easy to reduce the discrepancy, people will change the self or their behavior to reduce the discrepancy (shape up)

If it seems hard to reduce the discrepancy, people will avoid thinking about the self or leave the situation (ship out)

116
Q

How does the trick or treat sudy back up self awareness theory?

A

Self-awareness can be caused by a situation (mirror).

Kids were asked to take one piece of candy, those who had mirror in front of them took less tha those who didn’t have mirror in front of them

117
Q

What is the definition of self esteem?

A

Positive or negative evaluation of one’s self

118
Q

What does Sociometer theory propose

A

A measure of how desirable one wpould be

119
Q

What is a beter example of sociometer theory?

A

Self esteem is a sociometer becauses it measures the traits you have according to how much they qyaliufy you for social acceptance

120
Q

What is downward social comparison?

A

Comparing yourself to someone worse off than you

Maintains or increases self esteem

121
Q

What is upward social comparison?

A

Comparing youself to someone better off than you

Could increase self esteem via motivation

122
Q

What is self handicapping?

A

Dewliberate activities that increase chance of failure

provides excuse for failure

not always conscious

123
Q

What is defensive pessimism?

A

Expecting failure, prepare for the worst

set low expectatuons

can be motivating fo some

124
Q

What is Self serving bias?

A

Tendency to make internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure

125
Q

What is self enhancement?

A

Tendency to describe oneself more favorably than may be warranted

126
Q

What are the elements of healthy self esteem

A

Stable

realistic

grounded in achievement

Predicts positive outcomes

127
Q

What are the elements of narcissism?

A

High but unstable self esteem

unrealistic, defensive

Not grounded in actual accomplishments

Predicts mostly negative outcomes

128
Q

Has narcissism been on the rise or declining since the 1980s?

A

On the rise

129
Q

What are some hypothesis to why narcissism has been on the rise?

A

Wage-productivity disconnect

while workers productivity has been rising steadily wages have been stagnating since around the 1970s

130
Q

When does the self emerge?

A

Early in human development

131
Q

In relation to self awareness theory being self aware increases ______ behaviors?

A

Pro social

132
Q

What is the definition of self regulation?

A

How you achieve your goals and navigate the world

133
Q

What does effective self regulation rely on?

A

Standards, monitoring, and capacity to change

134
Q

What are standards?

A

Ideas of how things could be

135
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Keeping track of behaviors

136
Q

What is capacity to change?

A

Alligning behavior with standards- self control

137
Q

What is the definition of self control?

A

The effortful inhibition of an impulse

choosing larger goals over immediate desires

138
Q

Self control draws on ______ _______

A

Exexutive functioning?

139
Q

What are the three main elements of executive functioning?

A

Inhibitory cotrol, working memory, and cognitive flexibility

140
Q

What is inhibitory control?

A

Inhibiting your self from desires

141
Q

What is workin g memeory?

A

Keeping info in mind throughout a task

142
Q

What is cognitive flexibility?

A

Easily switching from one task to another

143
Q

What does the TOTE model stand for?

A

Test operate test exit

144
Q

Hpw does the TOTE model work in the test phase

A

The first test is a comparison of self against the standard.

145
Q

How does the tote model work in the operate phase?

A

In the “operate” phase, you try to match behavior to the standard.

146
Q

How does the tote model work in the 2nd test phase?

A

Test again to see if the match is close enough to reduce anxiety. If it is not close enough, keep trying.

147
Q

How does the tote model work in the exit phase?

A

If it is close enough, stop changing behavior (exit).

148
Q

What does the strength model of self control posit?

A

Self control is like a muscle

149
Q

In relation to the strength model of self control:

  1. Exerting self control requires _____
  2. It is a limited and _______ resource
  3. Performing consecutive tasks requiring self control will impair performance on 2nd task t o f?
A

Effort, depleteable, t

150
Q

What did baumeisters ego depletion study test ?

A

The ability of participants who either ate radishes or cookies and indulged or used self control and their persistence afterwards on a problem solving task. Found self control does get fatigued

151
Q

Conclusion to baumeisters ego depletion study?

A

Resisting the temptation to eat cookies resulted in ego depletion on an unrelated task

152
Q

What are the problems with the strength model?

A

Ego depletion effect are eliminated by lots of external/extrinsic motivationsq

153
Q

What are some things ego depletion sare eliminated b?

A

Money, making people believe self control has no liit, positive mood

taksting something sweet

154
Q

What does the new approach to ego depletion state?

A

It is not depletion it is fatigue.- you could exert more control but you don’t

155
Q

In the new approach to strength model you can shift your motivation and attention to “have to” to “want to” t o f

A

True

156
Q

What is Balance theory?

A

“Balance theory holds that humans like internal experience (for example, attitudes), to be congruent with external experience (behaviors).”

What is BALANCE THEORY? definition of BALANCE THEORY (Psychology Dictionary)

157
Q

What is Intrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation that you do for yourself like for a sense of pride and achievement

158
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Doing something becase it has been insentivized by an external reward

159
Q

Is extrinsic on intrinsic motivation a more consistent motivational factor in the long run?

A

Intrinsic

160
Q

Extrinsic rewards can ______ intrinsic motivation

A

reduce

161
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

Ascribe behavior to external forces (i.e., reading for money, not for self)

162
Q

What are the three main things emotion regulation attempts to do:?

A

Reduce negative meotions

increase positive empotions

prevenemotions from affecting behavuior

163
Q

This is a difficult and important form of self regulation

A

emotion regulation

164
Q

why at you bad at emotion regulation?

A

Because you cannot control your emptions

165
Q

If you cant control your empotions you can at least be in tune anuse them as judges of your behavior right? t o f?

A

t

166
Q

What are positive and nefgative emotions telling us?

A

Posaitive- keep doing that behavior

negative- stop doing that behaviuor

167
Q

Emotions need to be _____ of your wishes

A

Independent

168
Q

What is emotion suppression

A

Inhibiting your feelings

169
Q

What is emotion reappraisal?

A

Changing the way you view and interpret your feelings- view from 3rd party perspective

170
Q

What does emotion suppression and reappraisal lead to?

A

Suppression- rebound

reappraisal- effective and lasting emotion change

171
Q

What is Mindful acceptance?

A

Embrace and investigate emotions w/o JUDGEMENT

172
Q

What are the 5 stages of mindful acceptance?

A
  1. Notice how you feel
  2. Name the emotion- what is it
  3. Accept it- don’t judge or condone it
  4. Investigate it- how intense is it, what are you feweling physically
  5. allow and release emotion
173
Q

What are some ways to improve self regulation?

A

Self control exercises, intrinsic motivation, tie identity to goals, reappraisal;, acceptance, and avoiding temptation

174
Q

What are some examples of self regulation exercises?

A

Using non dominant hand, focusing on posture.

175
Q

What does it mean to tie your identity to a goal?

A

Make being a nerd apart of your identity if you want good grades

176
Q

Structure your life so you donthhave to use self control- t o f?

A

t

177
Q

What is the definition of cognition?

A

Cognition – how we perceive, remember, and interpret information

178
Q

What is the definition of social cognition?

A

Social Cognition – how we select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

179
Q

What is the dual process model?

A

Evidence from different fields suggesting we hae a duplex mind- automatic and controlled

180
Q

What is automatic processing in the dual process model?

A

Automatic Processing: We rely on this when we are not motivated or able to think. Characteristics: Nonconscious, Unintentional, Involuntary, Effortless – has short-cuts with good rough estimates.

181
Q

What is Controlled processing?

A

Controlled Processing: We rely on this when we are motivated and able to think. Characteristics: Conscious, Intentional, Voluntary, Effortful – logical reasoning.

182
Q

What does the Stroop test analyze?

A

Test with words of colors that are in different colorsd

183
Q

What does the stroop test tell us?

A

we have to think about the color thius highlighting how we have a dual process mind

184
Q

What are cognitive misers?

A
  1. Cog. Miser = humans, valuing their mental processing resources, find different ways to save time and effort when negotiating the social world. reluctance to do much extra thinking. Conserving mental resources.
185
Q

What are schemas?

A

Knowledge structures (packets of information stored in memory) - connect beliefs that are related to each other

frameworks that organize our knowledge about the social world.

186
Q

What are examples of self schemas, personality schemas, stereotypes, social role schemas, and event schemas?

A

Self- student

Personality- extravert

stereotype- white people all wear shorts

Social role- wife

event schema- how you act on a date

187
Q

Some benefits of schemas include? (5 things)

A

Increase the speed of understanding people and events.

Sift through an infinite amount of information.

Go beyond the information given.

Provide structure in ambiguous settings.

Rule generation, generalization, and categorization – necessary for learning.

188
Q

Problems with schemas? (3 things)

A

Distort what we attend to, remember, and our judgments.
Confirmation bias => information that confirms our preconceptions.

Over-rely on schemas.

Persist after they are discredited.
Perseverance effect.

189
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

information that confirms our preconceptions.

Confirmation bias => information that confirms our preconceptions.

Over-rely on schemas.

Persist after they are discredited.
Perseverance effect.

190
Q

What is Priming?

A

Because of schemas, recently used words or ideas come to mind easily and influence affect, behavior, and cognition (ABCs); This is called priming.

191
Q

What are the two main methods of priming?

A

Subliminal And supraliminal

192
Q

What is subliminal priming?

A

Subliminal = below consciousness. Words or images presented so quickly they cannot be consciously recognized.

193
Q

What is supraliminal priming?

A

Supraliminal = at the conscious level. Scrambled sentence task. Word searches. Images, objects, etc. (Adrew Eliot’s research on Red – Responding to Demographics)

194
Q

What did the elderly study find when Participants performed a scrambled sentence task with words relating to the elderly (e.g., old, Florida, grey, etc.), or a control condition (e.g., grow, Florida, run, in, oranges, etc.).

Then, asked to walk down a hall to get to the next part of the experiment.

A

Participants with elderly scrambles were more likely to walk slower

195
Q

What did the rudness study find

IV – scrambled sentence task with three conditions.
Rudeness (bother, disturb, etc.)
Politeness (respect, polite, etc.)
Control

They are asked to get the experimenter when they are done, but the experimenter will not stop talking to another participant.

DV – Who interrupts?
?

A

Rudeness scrambles led to them interrupting more

196
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts, rules of thumb for judgment.

197
Q

Heuristic are not _____ or ___ to engage in more careful and effortful processing

A

Motivated, able

198
Q

Heuristics have the Same benefits and problems as schemas. T O F

A

T

199
Q

Similar to schemas are Heuristics – basically, thinking without awareness.

A

YES

200
Q

wHAT ARE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTICS?

A

Make judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli resemble certain categories

201
Q

With rpresentativeness heuristics wehat does it mean to ignore base rate information?

A

Ignore base-rate information (statistics or knowledge) and rely on stereotypes (similarity of a person to a “typical” member of a category)

202
Q

What is an availability heuristic?

A

Base decision on how easily we can bring things to mind; often the result of priming!

203
Q

What is anchoring and adjyustment?

A

Happens when you try and judge an unkown value

204
Q

What are the two steps in anchoring and adjustnment?

A

Step 1: Consider an initial estimate

step 2: Adjust that initial estimate to correct for assumed errors

205
Q

What is Loss aversion?

A

Loss has bigger impact than gain

206
Q

With loss aversion People are more likely to?

A

Risk a big gain than to risk big loss

207
Q

Why are people likey to risk a big gain than to risk a big loss?

A

Evolutionary thinking that dates back to life or dath scenarios

208
Q

What are problems with automatic thinking>

A

Overconfidence effect, confirmation bias, and false concensus belief

209
Q

What is Overconfidence effect?

A

Overconfidence effect – Tendency to be more confident than correct – to estimate over-estimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

210
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Confirmation bias – a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. Explains why our self-images are so stable.

211
Q

What is False consensus bias?

A

False Consensus Bias – tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one’s opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs.

212
Q

Can we control automatic process?

A

Yes- Thought suppression reinforces the thought. Thought suppression is not possible.

Psych 321: Social Psych (10 decks)

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