EXAM 2 Flashcards
What is Emotion?
Conscious evaluative reaction to some event
What is mood?
feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event
What is affect?
Automatic response that something is good or bad
Why talk about emotion?
Emotion is social, specifically social emotions
What are some exanmples of social emotions?
envy/jealousy, shame, guilt, pride, empathy,
What 6 basic emotions are culturtally universal?
Anger, happiness, sad, suprise, digust, fear
The six basic emotions have _____ features?
Social features
Angry response to an ____
Insult
Sad rwsponse to a ____
breaup
Hapy response to a _____ friendship
new
Fear response to a ____
Mugging
Suprise response to a friends’s new ______
Haircut
In relation to disgust evaluation what does this lead to?
Dsgust output
Whta are three ways disgust output manifests itself?
Nonverbally, behavior, physilogically
What are some charecteristics iof envy?
Negative feeling of upwards social coparison
Envy: you don’t have it______
Someone else foes
Jealousy: you have it and someone else ____ it
wants
In relation to shame v guuilt, the moral emotion happens when you ?
Break a moreal rule
An example of guilt is when i feel bad about?
my transgression
Shame is when i feel bad about?
Who I am
Embarrassment is when i am breaking a
Sodcial ?(but not moral) norm
What is pride?
A positive experience of personal acompluisment
What is pride similar to?
Sel esteem and narcissism
Can pride be group based?
Yes
What is empathy?
Sharing someone else’s emotional experiecne
Empathy can also be recognized as?
emotional cognition
What is Schadenfrude?
The pleasure derived from someone else’s [ain
What is gluckshmerz?
The sorrow and discomfort felt at the good fortune of others
Why do we have emotions?
Emotions as feedback- if we feel good about something, it must be good, if we feel bad about something, it must be bad
What do emotions tell us?
What’s important
In relation to the value of positive emotions what are intellectual resources?
Develop problem solving skills, and learn new informtion
In relation to the value of positive emotions what are Physical respurces?
Develop cordination, develop strength and cardiovascular health
In relation to the value of positive emotions what are social resources?
Soldify bonds, make new bonds
In relation to the value of positive emotions what are Psychological resources?
Develop ressilence and optimism and develop sense of identity and goal orientation
In the quest for happiness what is the Hedonic treadmil?
humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.
In relation to why we have emotions what do they promote
Effective responses
What dies James Lange theory of emotion state?
The emotional stimulus (e.g. hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley) produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate), which then produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear).
What is the schaster singer theory?
The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley) produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate) and a cognitive label, which produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear).
What is the simlistic way of looking at Jaes Langes theory?
Sensations =emotions
Cannon bard?
Emotions exsist alongside sensations
Schater singer?
Sensations— abels– emotions
What is social perception the study of?
how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people. (Includes: Impression formation, social inferences, and attribution).
We all have a basic desire to explain why people do the things that they do – Seemingly automatic t o f?
t
Our brains are like ____ designed to model social behavior
computers
What has the basic aspect of human cognition been exploited brillantly by?
Reality tv
Why are reality tv shows so popular?
Because we enjoy figuring people out
What is Nonverbal behavior?
The way in which people communicate intentionally or unitentionally without words
What are some examples of nonverbal behavior?
Facial exprerssions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, use of touch, gaze
What do we know about people when we first meet them?
What we see and hear
The human is a sort of _____ reader
Mind
How fast is social perceptions? and are they accurate?
Impressions based on thin slices- 1/10th of a second, and are reasonably accurate
What is the most common emotion people tend to misconstrue?
Disgust
What is the Theory of mInd?
The ability to attribute mental states- beliefs intents desires, pretending, knowledge- to ones self and others and to understand that others have beliefs desires intentions and perceptions that are different from ones own
What is a simple way of thinking about the Theoiry of mind?
Attribute mental states to another person
What are Mirror Neurons?
These neurons respond when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform that action
What do Mirror Nureons convey?
We are wired for perseon perception. Make Theory of ind possible
Are we good at detecting deception?
not really. we can only detect in 54% of the time
When people are unsure about the social world or are distratced what can they use to fill in the gaps?
Schemas
What are personality schemas?
Schemas we use to deterimne the personality of one
What are implicit personality theories?
Theories that we use to determine what a person is like.
What are problems with implicit personality theories
False assumptions, based on little data, stereotype
What is an attribution?
An explanation for behaviot (either our behavior or the behavior of others)
What are attributions useful for understanding?
Current behavior and predicting future behavuior
What is a dispositional attribution
Internal
What is a stuational attribution?
external
What is an example of a disspositional attruvbute when thinking about the law?
Defendant was a bad person, blaming person
What is a situational example when thinking about the law edxample?
Defendant was in a bad situation
Who was fritz heider?
Father of attribution theory
What 2 classifications did fritza heider come up with?
Dispositional and situational
What is correspondent inference theory?
Focuses on when people should make dispositional or situational attributions
What are the three important factors of correspoindent inference theory?
Free choice, (un)intentionality, social undesirableity or desirbiltiy
In relation to Coorespondent inference theory, if a behvior is freely chosen, intentional and sociallyu undesirable, it is considered?
Dispositional
In relation to correspondant inference theory of a behavior is not freely chosen,unintentional, and social desirably, it is consifdred?
Situational
What does KELLY’S COVARIATION THEORY STATE?
Focuses on the importance of past behavior
Incoorporates how other people behave in the same situation
Kelly’s covariation theroy has consistencsy, consensus, and ______
Distinctiveness
In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and consistensy info “does the actor always behave the same way i the same situation can be labeled as”?
High or low?
In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and consensus info “do other people ehave like the actor in the same situation can be rated as
High or low
In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and distinctiveness info “Does the actor nbehave in this way in different (but simmilar) situations” can be rated as
high or low
In relation to Kelly’s Covariation theory, Low consensus, high consistency and low distinctiveness = ?
Dispositionall attribution
In relation to kelly’s covariation theory, high consensus, high consistency, and high distinctiveness=
situational
What is Fundemental attribution error?
People tend to overestimate the effects of personal dispositions and underestimate te effects of the situation
What is Gilbert’s two stage model? What does it incorporate
People go through various stages in making behavioral attributions.
Incorporates automatic and controlled processing.
What is step 1 in Gilberts two stage model?
People automatically fixate on dispositional attributions (characterization) by default. (he’s a criminal)
What is step 2 in Gilbert’s two stage model?
If motivated and able, you correct dispositional attributions based on situational factors. Motivations: Accuracy, Accountability, Suspicion, This step is controlled.
Step two in gilberts two stage model is ______?
Controlled
If not sufficiently motivated and able to correct for the situation, the attributions will end up mostly dispositional.
t o f? (Gilberts model)
t
What is the actor observer difference an amplification of?
Correspondence bias
In the actor observer bias we attribute others behavior to their ______ and our own behavior to the ______
Disposition, situation
Why does the actor-observer effect occur?
perceptual salience and information availability differ for the actor and the observer.
What are attitudes?
Summary evaluations of people, objects, and ideas: based on feelings of Like or dislike; Positive or negative; Good or bad
Attitudes are _____ AND ______
Negative, positive
Attitudes are basically the sorting of things into
good” and “bad” categories.
- a feeling of liking or disliking
- based on beliefs about an object
- which leads to a readiness to behave in a certain manner (incorporates all three aspects of the tripartite model of psychology).
What are these describing?
Attituides
In relation to atitudes vs beliefs, attitudes are negatiove/positive evaluations of things? T OF
T
What are “Information (Facts, opinions) about those things”
Beliefs
What are implicit attitudes?
Automatic, system 1, subconscious, uncontrolled, fast
How are implicit attitudes measured?
Via response time tasks
What are explicit attitudes?
Deliberate, system 2, conscious, controlled, slow
How are explicit attitudes measured?
via self report questionares
Why do people have attitudes?
Same reason we have any heuristic, we are cognitive misers.
Allow us to make fast, effortless decisions
What is one way attitudes are formed (exposed)
Mere exposure effect
Wjhat is the mere exposure effect?
Tendency to like things simply because they are encountered repeatedly
In relations to how attitudes are formed, what is “Learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response”?
Classical conditioning
In relation to classical conditioning, what is the example of this through coca cola?
Unconditioned stimulus Christmas- unconditioned response- happy
neutral stimulus coke - neutral response- apathetic
Christmas + coca cola= conditioned satimuls- coca cola– conditioned rersponse– emotions: excitement
In relation to how attitudes are form, what is, “ We adopt/strengthen attitudes that are rewarded, we discard/weaken attitudes that are punished?”
Operant conditioning
In relation to how attitudes are form what is “We take on attitudes of other,and conformity”
Social learning
What is attitude polarizxation?
Peoples attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them
People seek to maintain attitudes that are consistent with 1. and 2.?
- each other
2. their behavior
What is Cognitive Dissonance theory?
Behavior/attitude inconsistencies= doscpmfort
Whart does cognitive dissonance lead people to do?
Change their attitudes to fit behavior
rationalize behavior
(rarely) change behavior to fit attitudes
Why do attitudes matter?
Attitudes set behavioral intentions
In relation to the Theory of Planned behavior “Attitudes do predict behavior, BUT, “
Other factorsa also influence behaviior
In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior Attitudes are toward?
A specific behavior
In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior What are subjective norms?
Perceptions of othersa attitudes toward behavior
In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior what are perceived control?
Perceptions of ease/difficulty in behaving
In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior What is behavioral intention?
The plan to behave a cettain way
What is Social influence?
Change in behgavior (sometime affect, cognition) that one person causes in another
Social influence has to be 1-to-1. T OF?
No. Sometimes groups influence us too
What is Normative influence?
Change in behavior/attitudes/beliefs because group acceptance is more impoirtant than being correct
What is the goal of normative influence?
Being liked
What is the result of normative influence?
public compliance
What is informational influence?
Change in behavior/attitudes/beliefs because of factual arguments?
What is the goal of factual arguments?
Being correct
What is the result of informational influence?
Private acceptance
In relation to normative influence, what study used a picture of lines and confederates to study this?
Asch studies
What are the three types of change due to social influence?
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience
What is cvonformity?
Change in order to match the majority
What is compliance?
Change because it was requested by peers
What is obiedience?
Change because it was ordered by an authority figure
What is a famous study that shows obedience to authority?
Milgram study
What did milgrams study emphasize?
His research emphasizes that it’s not the kind of person you are that best predicts behavior, but the kind of situation you’re in.
What are the 4 principles of influence?
- Commitment and consistency
- repriciprication
- scarcity
- Capturing and disrupting attention
In relation to the principles of influence, What is commitment and consisency
Take advantage of peoples’ desire for attitude/behavior consistency and desire to avoid cognitive dissonance
In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Start with small request to gain eventual compliance with larger request”
Foot-in-door-technique
In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Start with low-cost request and later reveal the hidden costs”
Low ball technique
In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Assign a label to an individual and then make a request consistent with that label”
Labeling technique
What is an example of labeling technique?
You seem like a family man
In relation to the principles of influence what is reciprocation?
Takes advantage of the human need to respond to kindness with kindness
In relation to reciprocation what technique describes, “Start with an inflated request, then retreat to a smaller one that appears to be a concession”
door in face technique
In relation to the principles of influence what is Scarcity?
Take advantage of ancient “panic” tendencies
In relation to scarcity, something rare makes it very ____?
valuable
In relation to scarcity what technique describes, “only a limited number available”
Limited number technique
In relation to scarcity what technique describes, “only available for a limited time”
Fast approaching deadline technique
In relation to the principles of influence and Capturing and Disrupting Attention what is Pique technique?
Capture people
s attention by making a novel request
What two routes does the elaboration Likelihood midel consist of
Central and Peripheral
What does the central route in the Elaboration Likelihood model onsist of?
System 2 largely cognitive and influenced by factual info
What does the Peripheral Route in the Elboration modellikelihood model consist of?
System one
largely affective
influenced by priming
What is Attitude inoculation?
Exposure to “small doeses of arguments against your position beforehand
Better prepared to counter argues
What three factoers influence persuasion?
Source, message audience?
What is soiurce?
Who is credible and who is not
person deleviring message
What is message?
the cntent of the persuasive communication itself
Is it logical, fear inducing, messagesthat are repeated
what are audience factors??
recepient of message
Need for cognition// reactance
depends, eople in a good mood
people wiling to learn infor
people of average intelligence
What is Prosocial behavior?
Any act intended to benefit another person
What is Altruism?
Helping others at a cost to yourself
What is extreme altruism?
giving your kidney to someone tyou dont even know
What motivates us to help?
Group affiliation
What is ingroup bias?
Heling in group mekers more than out group memebers
What is Empathy?
Sharing someone’s experience
WHta is negartive and positive empathy?
negative: epathetic pain
positive: empathtic joy
Do you give out empathy equally?
No you give more to ingroup than outgroup
What are the two main components of empathy?
Empathetic concern
personal distress
What us empathtic concern?
other-focus
What is personal distress
Self focus
___ ____ a social psychologist who studies helping behavior, argues that pure altruism truly does exist, but only in certain situations.
Daniel batson
What is daniel Batsons Empathy Altruism hypothesis?
when we feel empathy for a person in need, we will experience an altruistic motivation to help; when we don’t feel empathy, any motivation to help will be egoistic and motivated by social exchange concerns
What dies the negative state release hypothesis state?
Seeing others in need induces negative feeling in us and we help others to reduce those feelings
What is an evolutionary explination of helping behavior?
wanting to get as many genes of yours as you can into the future
What are explinations of helping behavior from an evolutionary standpoint?
Kin selection
reciprocity norm
in group bias
What is Kinship selection
helping your kin, or the people who are related to you and share your genes.
This kinship selection occurs because if your relatives survive, your genes can survive through them.
what percent of your genes are shared with parents siblings
50
What oercent aunts and uncles
25
What percent cousing=s
12.5
What is Reciprocal altruism?
Helping other people increases the likelihood that they hep you
In relation to situational factors of helping wat came out of the kitty genovese case?
Bystander effect
What is the Bystander effect?
When the number of people increade in a group the less likely people are to help
What is diffusion of responsibility?
Assume others will help so likelihood of you helping decreases when there are more present
What are the 5 steps to helping?
- recognize problem
- interpret event as emergency
- take responsibility
- decide how to helo
- provide help
How can we increae prosocial behavior in social setting?
Getting help in a public setting
Pick a face, stare, speak, and point directly at the person
Cultivate empathy
Teach moral inclusion
Treat all people as ingroup members
wWhat is Anti social behavior
any behavior that is socially undersiarable or breaks social norms
What at two types of anti social behavior
Aggression and law breaking behavior
What is aggression?
Any violent act intended to hurt someone against their will
What is physical v social aggression
Physically harming someone vs socially or emotionally
what is retaliatory agreassion v displaced
Retalitory- revenge with a purpose
displaced- taking it out on someone else
Has the world gotten less or more violent?
less
Aggression exsists in ?
every culture
Aggressive instincts arose to solve problems in relation to?
self defense
defeat rivals
attract mates’
obtain others resources
What specific gene Is linked to aggression?
MAO-A- Determines dopamine or serotonin levels in brain
50-60% of aggression is due to ?
Genetic factors
What does social learning theory state?
Behavior is learned through the observation of others.
what was the main conclusion in the bobo doll study?
people learn aggressive behaviors through direct experience and observation
What is the culture of honor?
Threats to reputation are met with violence
Does spanking children lead thm to be more or less anti social ?
increase antisdocial behavior
Is aggression innate or learned?
Both learning and instinct are relevant to aggression
People learn how to control _______ impulsses
Aggrerssive impulses
What are some negative emtions that are causes of aggression?
Frustration anger pain
fear
In relation to causes of aggression what is, positive affect?
“sweet revenge” it feels good to get revenge in any sense
aggression recruits the breains _____ _______?
rewards circutry
Aggression improves ____ mood
Damaged
What are histle cognitions in relation to causes of aggression
attribution, percewption and experience bias
What is attribution bias?
Perciving ambigious actions by others as hiostile
What is perception bias?
Perceive social interactions as being aggressive
What is expectation bioas?
assume people will react to potential conflicts with aggression
what is the weapons effect?
Increased aggression as the result of a mere presence of a weapon
In relation to causes of aggression what type of viuolent media effects violent behavior?
Videogames, movies, tv shows depicting violence increase aggression
Large body of literature consisting of observational, correlational, experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal research:
Indicates that violent media increases aggressive
thoughts feelings and behaviors
What are two main types of interpersonal causes of aggression?
Provocation (insults threats)
rejection (exclusion ostracism
87% of school shooters were chronically rejected?
true
Best predictor of physical aggression is maleness
t
Young children are the least aggressive human beings on earth true or false?
false they are the most. and 35% of interactions with toddlers involve some kind of physical aggression
Majority of crimes committed by?
Adolecent males
What does the dark triad consist of?
Narcissism, macheivelianism, an psychopathy
What does the dark tetrad consist of?
Narcissism, psycho pathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism
What is Narcissism?
Inflated vunerable self esteem
What is psychopathy?
Callous disregard for others
What is Machivellianism?
Manipulate others to get what you want
What is sadism?
Enjoying others pain
Aggression peaks early in life and then?
Declines
