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Psych 321: Social Psych > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Emotion?

A

Conscious evaluative reaction to some event

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2
Q

What is mood?

A

feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event

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3
Q

What is affect?

A

Automatic response that something is good or bad

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4
Q

Why talk about emotion?

A

Emotion is social, specifically social emotions

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5
Q

What are some exanmples of social emotions?

A

envy/jealousy, shame, guilt, pride, empathy,

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6
Q

What 6 basic emotions are culturtally universal?

A

Anger, happiness, sad, suprise, digust, fear

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7
Q

The six basic emotions have _____ features?

A

Social features

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8
Q

Angry response to an ____

A

Insult

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9
Q

Sad rwsponse to a ____

A

breaup

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10
Q

Hapy response to a _____ friendship

A

new

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11
Q

Fear response to a ____

A

Mugging

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12
Q

Suprise response to a friends’s new ______

A

Haircut

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13
Q

In relation to disgust evaluation what does this lead to?

A

Dsgust output

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14
Q

Whta are three ways disgust output manifests itself?

A

Nonverbally, behavior, physilogically

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15
Q

What are some charecteristics iof envy?

A

Negative feeling of upwards social coparison

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16
Q

Envy: you don’t have it______

A

Someone else foes

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17
Q

Jealousy: you have it and someone else ____ it

A

wants

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18
Q

In relation to shame v guuilt, the moral emotion happens when you ?

A

Break a moreal rule

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19
Q

An example of guilt is when i feel bad about?

A

my transgression

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20
Q

Shame is when i feel bad about?

A

Who I am

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21
Q

Embarrassment is when i am breaking a

A

Sodcial ?(but not moral) norm

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22
Q

What is pride?

A

A positive experience of personal acompluisment

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23
Q

What is pride similar to?

A

Sel esteem and narcissism

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24
Q

Can pride be group based?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is empathy?

A

Sharing someone else’s emotional experiecne

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26
Q

Empathy can also be recognized as?

A

emotional cognition

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27
Q

What is Schadenfrude?

A

The pleasure derived from someone else’s [ain

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28
Q

What is gluckshmerz?

A

The sorrow and discomfort felt at the good fortune of others

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29
Q

Why do we have emotions?

A

Emotions as feedback- if we feel good about something, it must be good, if we feel bad about something, it must be bad

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30
Q

What do emotions tell us?

A

What’s important

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31
Q

In relation to the value of positive emotions what are intellectual resources?

A

Develop problem solving skills, and learn new informtion

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32
Q

In relation to the value of positive emotions what are Physical respurces?

A

Develop cordination, develop strength and cardiovascular health

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33
Q

In relation to the value of positive emotions what are social resources?

A

Soldify bonds, make new bonds

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34
Q

In relation to the value of positive emotions what are Psychological resources?

A

Develop ressilence and optimism and develop sense of identity and goal orientation

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35
Q

In the quest for happiness what is the Hedonic treadmil?

A

humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.

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36
Q

In relation to why we have emotions what do they promote

A

Effective responses

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37
Q

What dies James Lange theory of emotion state?

A

The emotional stimulus (e.g. hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley) produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate), which then produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear).

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38
Q

What is the schaster singer theory?

A

The emotional stimulus (e.g., hearing footsteps behind you in a dark alley) produces physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate) and a cognitive label, which produces an experienced emotion (e.g., fear).

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39
Q

What is the simlistic way of looking at Jaes Langes theory?

A

Sensations =emotions

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40
Q

Cannon bard?

A

Emotions exsist alongside sensations

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41
Q

Schater singer?

A

Sensations— abels– emotions

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42
Q

What is social perception the study of?

A

how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people. (Includes: Impression formation, social inferences, and attribution).

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43
Q

We all have a basic desire to explain why people do the things that they do – Seemingly automatic t o f?

A

t

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44
Q

Our brains are like ____ designed to model social behavior

A

computers

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45
Q

What has the basic aspect of human cognition been exploited brillantly by?

A

Reality tv

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46
Q

Why are reality tv shows so popular?

A

Because we enjoy figuring people out

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47
Q

What is Nonverbal behavior?

A

The way in which people communicate intentionally or unitentionally without words

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48
Q

What are some examples of nonverbal behavior?

A

Facial exprerssions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, use of touch, gaze

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49
Q

What do we know about people when we first meet them?

A

What we see and hear

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50
Q

The human is a sort of _____ reader

A

Mind

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51
Q

How fast is social perceptions? and are they accurate?

A

Impressions based on thin slices- 1/10th of a second, and are reasonably accurate

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52
Q

What is the most common emotion people tend to misconstrue?

A

Disgust

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53
Q

What is the Theory of mInd?

A

The ability to attribute mental states- beliefs intents desires, pretending, knowledge- to ones self and others and to understand that others have beliefs desires intentions and perceptions that are different from ones own

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54
Q

What is a simple way of thinking about the Theoiry of mind?

A

Attribute mental states to another person

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55
Q

What are Mirror Neurons?

A

These neurons respond when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform that action

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56
Q

What do Mirror Nureons convey?

A

We are wired for perseon perception. Make Theory of ind possible

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57
Q

Are we good at detecting deception?

A

not really. we can only detect in 54% of the time

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58
Q

When people are unsure about the social world or are distratced what can they use to fill in the gaps?

A

Schemas

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59
Q

What are personality schemas?

A

Schemas we use to deterimne the personality of one

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60
Q

What are implicit personality theories?

A

Theories that we use to determine what a person is like.

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61
Q

What are problems with implicit personality theories

A

False assumptions, based on little data, stereotype

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62
Q

What is an attribution?

A

An explanation for behaviot (either our behavior or the behavior of others)

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63
Q

What are attributions useful for understanding?

A

Current behavior and predicting future behavuior

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64
Q

What is a dispositional attribution

A

Internal

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65
Q

What is a stuational attribution?

A

external

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66
Q

What is an example of a disspositional attruvbute when thinking about the law?

A

Defendant was a bad person, blaming person

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67
Q

What is a situational example when thinking about the law edxample?

A

Defendant was in a bad situation

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68
Q

Who was fritz heider?

A

Father of attribution theory

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69
Q

What 2 classifications did fritza heider come up with?

A

Dispositional and situational

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70
Q

What is correspondent inference theory?

A

Focuses on when people should make dispositional or situational attributions

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71
Q

What are the three important factors of correspoindent inference theory?

A

Free choice, (un)intentionality, social undesirableity or desirbiltiy

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72
Q

In relation to Coorespondent inference theory, if a behvior is freely chosen, intentional and sociallyu undesirable, it is considered?

A

Dispositional

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73
Q

In relation to correspondant inference theory of a behavior is not freely chosen,unintentional, and social desirably, it is consifdred?

A

Situational

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74
Q

What does KELLY’S COVARIATION THEORY STATE?

A

Focuses on the importance of past behavior

Incoorporates how other people behave in the same situation

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75
Q

Kelly’s covariation theroy has consistencsy, consensus, and ______

A

Distinctiveness

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76
Q

In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and consistensy info “does the actor always behave the same way i the same situation can be labeled as”?

A

High or low?

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77
Q

In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and consensus info “do other people ehave like the actor in the same situation can be rated as

A

High or low

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78
Q

In relation to kelly’s covariation theory and distinctiveness info “Does the actor nbehave in this way in different (but simmilar) situations” can be rated as

A

high or low

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79
Q

In relation to Kelly’s Covariation theory, Low consensus, high consistency and low distinctiveness = ?

A

Dispositionall attribution

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80
Q

In relation to kelly’s covariation theory, high consensus, high consistency, and high distinctiveness=

A

situational

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81
Q

What is Fundemental attribution error?

A

People tend to overestimate the effects of personal dispositions and underestimate te effects of the situation

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82
Q

What is Gilbert’s two stage model? What does it incorporate

A

People go through various stages in making behavioral attributions.

Incorporates automatic and controlled processing.

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83
Q

What is step 1 in Gilberts two stage model?

A

People automatically fixate on dispositional attributions (characterization) by default. (he’s a criminal)

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84
Q

What is step 2 in Gilbert’s two stage model?

A

If motivated and able, you correct dispositional attributions based on situational factors. Motivations: Accuracy, Accountability, Suspicion, This step is controlled.

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85
Q

Step two in gilberts two stage model is ______?

A

Controlled

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86
Q

If not sufficiently motivated and able to correct for the situation, the attributions will end up mostly dispositional.
t o f? (Gilberts model)

A

t

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87
Q

What is the actor observer difference an amplification of?

A

Correspondence bias

88
Q

In the actor observer bias we attribute others behavior to their ______ and our own behavior to the ______

A

Disposition, situation

89
Q

Why does the actor-observer effect occur?

A

perceptual salience and information availability differ for the actor and the observer.

90
Q

What are attitudes?

A

Summary evaluations of people, objects, and ideas: based on feelings of Like or dislike; Positive or negative; Good or bad

91
Q

Attitudes are _____ AND ______

A

Negative, positive

92
Q

Attitudes are basically the sorting of things into

A

good” and “bad” categories.

93
Q
  1. a feeling of liking or disliking
  2. based on beliefs about an object
  3. which leads to a readiness to behave in a certain manner (incorporates all three aspects of the tripartite model of psychology).

What are these describing?

A

Attituides

94
Q

In relation to atitudes vs beliefs, attitudes are negatiove/positive evaluations of things? T OF

A

T

95
Q

What are “Information (Facts, opinions) about those things”

A

Beliefs

96
Q

What are implicit attitudes?

A

Automatic, system 1, subconscious, uncontrolled, fast

97
Q

How are implicit attitudes measured?

A

Via response time tasks

98
Q

What are explicit attitudes?

A

Deliberate, system 2, conscious, controlled, slow

99
Q

How are explicit attitudes measured?

A

via self report questionares

100
Q

Why do people have attitudes?

A

Same reason we have any heuristic, we are cognitive misers.

Allow us to make fast, effortless decisions

101
Q

What is one way attitudes are formed (exposed)

A

Mere exposure effect

102
Q

Wjhat is the mere exposure effect?

A

Tendency to like things simply because they are encountered repeatedly

103
Q

In relations to how attitudes are formed, what is “Learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response”?

A

Classical conditioning

104
Q

In relation to classical conditioning, what is the example of this through coca cola?

A

Unconditioned stimulus Christmas- unconditioned response- happy

neutral stimulus coke - neutral response- apathetic

Christmas + coca cola= conditioned satimuls- coca cola– conditioned rersponse– emotions: excitement

105
Q

In relation to how attitudes are form, what is, “ We adopt/strengthen attitudes that are rewarded, we discard/weaken attitudes that are punished?”

A

Operant conditioning

106
Q

In relation to how attitudes are form what is “We take on attitudes of other,and conformity”

A

Social learning

107
Q

What is attitude polarizxation?

A

Peoples attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them

108
Q

People seek to maintain attitudes that are consistent with 1. and 2.?

A
  1. each other

2. their behavior

109
Q

What is Cognitive Dissonance theory?

A

Behavior/attitude inconsistencies= doscpmfort

110
Q

Whart does cognitive dissonance lead people to do?

A

Change their attitudes to fit behavior

rationalize behavior

(rarely) change behavior to fit attitudes

111
Q

Why do attitudes matter?

A

Attitudes set behavioral intentions

112
Q

In relation to the Theory of Planned behavior “Attitudes do predict behavior, BUT, “

A

Other factorsa also influence behaviior

113
Q

In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior Attitudes are toward?

A

A specific behavior

114
Q

In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior What are subjective norms?

A

Perceptions of othersa attitudes toward behavior

115
Q

In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior what are perceived control?

A

Perceptions of ease/difficulty in behaving

116
Q

In relation to Theory of Planned Behavior What is behavioral intention?

A

The plan to behave a cettain way

117
Q

What is Social influence?

A

Change in behgavior (sometime affect, cognition) that one person causes in another

118
Q

Social influence has to be 1-to-1. T OF?

A

No. Sometimes groups influence us too

119
Q

What is Normative influence?

A

Change in behavior/attitudes/beliefs because group acceptance is more impoirtant than being correct

120
Q

What is the goal of normative influence?

A

Being liked

121
Q

What is the result of normative influence?

A

public compliance

122
Q

What is informational influence?

A

Change in behavior/attitudes/beliefs because of factual arguments?

123
Q

What is the goal of factual arguments?

A

Being correct

124
Q

What is the result of informational influence?

A

Private acceptance

125
Q

In relation to normative influence, what study used a picture of lines and confederates to study this?

A

Asch studies

126
Q

What are the three types of change due to social influence?

A

Conformity, Compliance, Obedience

127
Q

What is cvonformity?

A

Change in order to match the majority

128
Q

What is compliance?

A

Change because it was requested by peers

129
Q

What is obiedience?

A

Change because it was ordered by an authority figure

130
Q

What is a famous study that shows obedience to authority?

A

Milgram study

131
Q

What did milgrams study emphasize?

A

His research emphasizes that it’s not the kind of person you are that best predicts behavior, but the kind of situation you’re in.

132
Q

What are the 4 principles of influence?

A
  1. Commitment and consistency
  2. repriciprication
  3. scarcity
  4. Capturing and disrupting attention
133
Q

In relation to the principles of influence, What is commitment and consisency

A

Take advantage of peoples’ desire for attitude/behavior consistency and desire to avoid cognitive dissonance

134
Q

In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Start with small request to gain eventual compliance with larger request”

A

Foot-in-door-technique

135
Q

In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Start with low-cost request and later reveal the hidden costs”

A

Low ball technique

136
Q

In relation to commitment and consistency what technique describes, “Assign a label to an individual and then make a request consistent with that label”

A

Labeling technique

137
Q

What is an example of labeling technique?

A

You seem like a family man

138
Q

In relation to the principles of influence what is reciprocation?

A

Takes advantage of the human need to respond to kindness with kindness

139
Q

In relation to reciprocation what technique describes, “Start with an inflated request, then retreat to a smaller one that appears to be a concession”

A

door in face technique

140
Q

In relation to the principles of influence what is Scarcity?

A

Take advantage of ancient “panic” tendencies

141
Q

In relation to scarcity, something rare makes it very ____?

A

valuable

142
Q

In relation to scarcity what technique describes, “only a limited number available”

A

Limited number technique

143
Q

In relation to scarcity what technique describes, “only available for a limited time”

A

Fast approaching deadline technique

144
Q

In relation to the principles of influence and Capturing and Disrupting Attention what is Pique technique?

A

Capture people

s attention by making a novel request

145
Q

What two routes does the elaboration Likelihood midel consist of

A

Central and Peripheral

146
Q

What does the central route in the Elaboration Likelihood model onsist of?

A

System 2 largely cognitive and influenced by factual info

147
Q

What does the Peripheral Route in the Elboration modellikelihood model consist of?

A

System one

largely affective

influenced by priming

148
Q

What is Attitude inoculation?

A

Exposure to “small doeses of arguments against your position beforehand

Better prepared to counter argues

149
Q

What three factoers influence persuasion?

A

Source, message audience?

150
Q

What is soiurce?

A

Who is credible and who is not

person deleviring message

151
Q

What is message?

A

the cntent of the persuasive communication itself

Is it logical, fear inducing, messagesthat are repeated

152
Q

what are audience factors??

A

recepient of message

Need for cognition// reactance

depends, eople in a good mood

people wiling to learn infor

people of average intelligence

153
Q

What is Prosocial behavior?

A

Any act intended to benefit another person

154
Q

What is Altruism?

A

Helping others at a cost to yourself

155
Q

What is extreme altruism?

A

giving your kidney to someone tyou dont even know

156
Q

What motivates us to help?

A

Group affiliation

157
Q

What is ingroup bias?

A

Heling in group mekers more than out group memebers

158
Q

What is Empathy?

A

Sharing someone’s experience

159
Q

WHta is negartive and positive empathy?

A

negative: epathetic pain
positive: empathtic joy

160
Q

Do you give out empathy equally?

A

No you give more to ingroup than outgroup

161
Q

What are the two main components of empathy?

A

Empathetic concern

personal distress

162
Q

What us empathtic concern?

A

other-focus

163
Q

What is personal distress

A

Self focus

164
Q

___ ____ a social psychologist who studies helping behavior, argues that pure altruism truly does exist, but only in certain situations.

A

Daniel batson

165
Q

What is daniel Batsons Empathy Altruism hypothesis?

A

when we feel empathy for a person in need, we will experience an altruistic motivation to help; when we don’t feel empathy, any motivation to help will be egoistic and motivated by social exchange concerns

166
Q

What dies the negative state release hypothesis state?

A

Seeing others in need induces negative feeling in us and we help others to reduce those feelings

167
Q

What is an evolutionary explination of helping behavior?

A

wanting to get as many genes of yours as you can into the future

168
Q

What are explinations of helping behavior from an evolutionary standpoint?

A

Kin selection

reciprocity norm

in group bias

169
Q

What is Kinship selection

A

helping your kin, or the people who are related to you and share your genes.

This kinship selection occurs because if your relatives survive, your genes can survive through them.

170
Q

what percent of your genes are shared with parents siblings

A

50

171
Q

What oercent aunts and uncles

A

25

172
Q

What percent cousing=s

A

12.5

173
Q

What is Reciprocal altruism?

A

Helping other people increases the likelihood that they hep you

174
Q

In relation to situational factors of helping wat came out of the kitty genovese case?

A

Bystander effect

175
Q

What is the Bystander effect?

A

When the number of people increade in a group the less likely people are to help

176
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Assume others will help so likelihood of you helping decreases when there are more present

177
Q

What are the 5 steps to helping?

A
  1. recognize problem
  2. interpret event as emergency
  3. take responsibility
  4. decide how to helo
  5. provide help
178
Q

How can we increae prosocial behavior in social setting?

A

Getting help in a public setting

Pick a face, stare, speak, and point directly at the person

Cultivate empathy

Teach moral inclusion
Treat all people as ingroup members

179
Q

wWhat is Anti social behavior

A

any behavior that is socially undersiarable or breaks social norms

180
Q

What at two types of anti social behavior

A

Aggression and law breaking behavior

181
Q

What is aggression?

A

Any violent act intended to hurt someone against their will

182
Q

What is physical v social aggression

A

Physically harming someone vs socially or emotionally

183
Q

what is retaliatory agreassion v displaced

A

Retalitory- revenge with a purpose

displaced- taking it out on someone else

184
Q

Has the world gotten less or more violent?

A

less

185
Q

Aggression exsists in ?

A

every culture

186
Q

Aggressive instincts arose to solve problems in relation to?

A

self defense

defeat rivals

attract mates’

obtain others resources

187
Q

What specific gene Is linked to aggression?

A

MAO-A- Determines dopamine or serotonin levels in brain

188
Q

50-60% of aggression is due to ?

A

Genetic factors

189
Q

What does social learning theory state?

A

Behavior is learned through the observation of others.

190
Q

what was the main conclusion in the bobo doll study?

A

people learn aggressive behaviors through direct experience and observation

191
Q

What is the culture of honor?

A

Threats to reputation are met with violence

192
Q

Does spanking children lead thm to be more or less anti social ?

A

increase antisdocial behavior

193
Q

Is aggression innate or learned?

A

Both learning and instinct are relevant to aggression

194
Q

People learn how to control _______ impulsses

A

Aggrerssive impulses

195
Q

What are some negative emtions that are causes of aggression?

A

Frustration anger pain

fear

196
Q

In relation to causes of aggression what is, positive affect?

A

“sweet revenge” it feels good to get revenge in any sense

197
Q

aggression recruits the breains _____ _______?

A

rewards circutry

198
Q

Aggression improves ____ mood

A

Damaged

199
Q

What are histle cognitions in relation to causes of aggression

A

attribution, percewption and experience bias

200
Q

What is attribution bias?

A

Perciving ambigious actions by others as hiostile

201
Q

What is perception bias?

A

Perceive social interactions as being aggressive

202
Q

What is expectation bioas?

A

assume people will react to potential conflicts with aggression

203
Q

what is the weapons effect?

A

Increased aggression as the result of a mere presence of a weapon

204
Q

In relation to causes of aggression what type of viuolent media effects violent behavior?

A

Videogames, movies, tv shows depicting violence increase aggression

205
Q

Large body of literature consisting of observational, correlational, experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal research:
Indicates that violent media increases aggressive

A

thoughts feelings and behaviors

206
Q

What are two main types of interpersonal causes of aggression?

A

Provocation (insults threats)

rejection (exclusion ostracism

207
Q

87% of school shooters were chronically rejected?

A

true

208
Q

Best predictor of physical aggression is maleness

A

t

209
Q

Young children are the least aggressive human beings on earth true or false?

A

false they are the most. and 35% of interactions with toddlers involve some kind of physical aggression

210
Q

Majority of crimes committed by?

A

Adolecent males

211
Q

What does the dark triad consist of?

A

Narcissism, macheivelianism, an psychopathy

212
Q

What does the dark tetrad consist of?

A

Narcissism, psycho pathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism

213
Q

What is Narcissism?

A

Inflated vunerable self esteem

214
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

Callous disregard for others

215
Q

What is Machivellianism?

A

Manipulate others to get what you want

216
Q

What is sadism?

A

Enjoying others pain

217
Q

Aggression peaks early in life and then?

A

Declines

Psych 321: Social Psych (10 decks)

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