Chap 6-10 Flashcards
What is emotion?
A conscious evaluative reaction that is clearly linked to some event
Whag is Mood?
a feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event
What is affect?
The automatic response that something is good or bad
What is conscious emotion?
A powerful. and clearly unified feeling state, such as anger and joy
What is automatic effect
A quick response of liking or disliking toward something
What is arousal?
a physilogcal reaction including faster heartbeat or heavier breathing, linked to ost conscious emotions
What is James-Langes theory of emotion?
The propositions that the bodfiliy process of emotion come first and the mind’s perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of emtion
What hypothesisdid the JAmes- langes theory come up with/?
Facial feedbaxck hypothesis
What is the facial feedbacl hypothesis?
The idea that feedback from the face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions because the brain reacts to what they muscles are doing
Schachter singer theory of emotion?
The idea that emotion has two components.
What are the two components of emotion in schachter-singers theory?
A bodily state of arousal and a cognitive label that specifies the emotion
What is excitation transfer?
The idea that arousal from one event can transfer to a later event
What is sex guilt ?
feelingguilty about sexual thoughts, acts or fanatsies
What is affect balance?
The frequency of positive empotions minus the frequency of negartive emotions
What is Life satisfaction?
An evaluation of how one;s life is generally and how it compares to some standard
What is a hedonic treadmil?
A theory proposing that people stay at about the same lebel of happiness regardless of what hapens to them
What is Eodiversity?
Degree to which a person experiences the variety and relative abundance of human emotions
What is anger?
An emotional response to a real or imagend threat or provocation
What Catharsis theory?
The propisition that expressing negative emotions produces a healthy relsease of thse emotionbs and is therefore good for the psyche
What is Guilt?
An unplesant moral empotion associated with a sopecific instance in which ine has acted badly wrongly
What is shame?
A moral emotion thatg like guilt , invlves feeling bad, but unlike guilt spreads to the whole perdson
What is surviours guilt?
An unplesant emtion associated with living theough an experience during which other people died
What is Disgust?
A strong negative feeling of repugnance and revulsion
What is affect as information as information hypothesis?
The idea that people judge soething as good or bad by asking themselves “how do i feel about it?
What is affect forecasting?
The ability to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
What is the risk as feeling hypothesis?
The idea that people rely on emotional processes to evluate risk with the result that their judgement may be biased by emotinal factors
What does the broaden and build theory state?
the proposition that positive emotions expand an individuals attention and mind set and promote increasing one’s resources
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive access and generate understand and reflectively regulate emotions
What is the dark triad of personality?
Consists of narcissism psychopathy and machavelinism?
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
The proposition that some arousal is better than none but too much can hurt performance
What are belifs?
Pieces of information about something; facts or opinions`
What are attitudes?
Global evaluations toward some object or issue
What are dual attitudes? D
Different evaluations of the same attitude object held by the same person
What are automatic attitudes?
gut level resonses people dont think about
What are deliberate attitudes?
reflective responses people think about
What is the mere exposure effect?
The tendency for peoplee to like thinga because theyre in constant contact with them
What is classical conditioning?
A type of pairings in through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to make a conditioned response
What is an unconditioned stimulus ?
A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response
What is an unconditioned response?
A naturally ocurring response
What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that initially evokes no response
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Neutral stimulus, through repeated pairngs with unconditioned stimulus evokes conditioned response
What is a conditioned response?
a response evoked by formerly neutral stimulus through repeated pairings
What is operant conditioning?
People more likely to repeat behavuors that are rewarded, less likely to repeat behaviors hat are punished
What is social learning?
People more lilely to iitate behaviors if they see pothers being rewarded for them less likely to perform behavuor if see others being punished for it
What is cognitive dissonance?
The uncomfortable feeling people experience when they have two thoughts or cognition conflct with each other
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
Inconsistencies produce pschological discomfort leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes
What is effort justification?
The justfication people make forn working hard that it is all worth while
What is Post decision dissonance?
Cog disonance experienced after making difficult choice. increases attractiveness of chosen alternaive, reduces attraction of rejected alternatove
What is selective exposure?
People select info tht supports their preexsisting views avoid ifo that does not support prreexsisting views
What are filter bubbles?
Algrithims that suggest what user might want to see based on their previous likesand info available about user
What is the A-B problem?
the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)
What is accessability?
hown easily something comes to mind/
What are behavioral intentions?
an individuals plans to perform the behavior in question
what are subjective norms?
an individuals perceptions about whether signifigant others think he or she should perform behavuor in question
What is perceived behavioral control?
Individs beliefs about whether they can actually perform behavior
What is belief perseverance?
When one’s beliefs form they are rigid and hard to change
What is coping?
how people attempt to deal with stressful traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life
What are assumptive worlds?
The view that people live in social worlds based on assumptions about reality
What is cognitive coping?
The idea that beliefs play a central role on helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes
What is downward comparison?
The act of comparing ones self to people who are worse off
What is upward conparison?
The act of comparing ones self to those who are better off
What is Normative influence?
Going alog with the crowd in order to be liked and accepted
What is autokinetic effect?
illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving
What are group norms?
Set ideas, beliefs, action behaviors groups of people accept as normal
What is informational influence?
Going along with crowd because you percieve them as knowing more than you
What is Pluraistic ignorance?
Looking to others for cues about how to behave ; while they are looking to you
What term describes “a genuine inner belief that others are right?”
Private acceptance
What term describes, “outwardly going along with the group but maintaining a private inner belief that the group ois probably wrong”
Public compliance
What term describes, “Influence technique based on commitment, in which one starts with a small request in order to gain eventual compliance with a larger request”
Foot-in-the-door-technique
What is Low ball technique?
Influence technique based on commitment, i which person gets another to comply with a seemingly ow cost request and addotionally later reveals hidden costs
What is the bait and switch technique?
One draws people in with attractive offer that is unavaliable then switches them to a less attractive offer that is avaliable
What is the Labeling technique?
One assigns label to individual, and requests favor consistent with that label
What is the term that describes “One starts with an inflated request and then retreats to a smaller request that appears to be a concession?
Door-in-the-face- technique
What term describes, “One first makes inflated requesr but before person can respond , sweetens the deal by offering adiscout or bonus?
Thats not all technique
What is the limited number technique?
Influence technique based on scarcity, one tells person item is in short supply
What is the fast approaching deadline techniue?
Influence techniqe based on scarcity, when one person tells them a price or item only available for limited number of time
What is an “Influence techbnique in whcih one captures peoples attention as by making a novel request”?
Pique technique
What is the dirsruot then reframe technique?
Influence technique in which one disrupts crit thinking by ntroducing an unexpected element, then reframes message in positive light
What is persuasion?
An attmpt to change a persons attitude
What is a source?
Individual who delievers message
What is the sleeper effect?
The finding that over time people seperate the message from the messanger
What is expertise
How much a source knows
What is trustworthiness?
whether a source will honestly tell you what he or she knows
Convert communicators
People percevied as credible sources because they are arguin against their own previously held attitudes and behavuors?
What is the Halo effect/
Facade that if people poses one desriable trait they poses many
What is the inverted u shape relatinship?
a relationship tht looks like upside down u when plotted
What is advertisement wear out?
inattention and irratstion to seeing a comercial too many times
What is repetition with variation?
Repeating same info but in a varied format
What is receptivity?
Whether you understand message
What is yeilding?
Whether you accept or change attitude towatds message
What is need for cognition?
Tendency to engage in and enoy effortful thinking analysis and problem solving
What is elaboration likelihood model?
Two routes to persuasion: via either conscious or autimatic
What is the central route?
Route to persuasio that involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the content of the message
What is the peripheral route?
Route to persuasion involves some simple cue such as attractiveness of the sourced
What is personal relevance?
degree to which people expect an issue to have signifigant consequences for their own lives
What us a negative attitude change?
doing opposite of what one is being persuaded to do
What is prosocial behavior?
doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole
What is rule of law?
when members of society respect and follow rules
What is reciprocity?
the obligation to return what another has done
What is moral reasoning?
using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstyract orinciples of right and wrong
What are moral institutions?
judgements that occur automaticlly and rely on emotional feelings
What is cooperation?
working together with somdeone for mutual or repriciprici benefit
What is prisoners dilemma?
Choosing between cooperation or competition
What is a non zero sum game?
an interaction in which both particioants can win
What is a zero sum game?
One winner
What is forgiveness?
ceasing to feel anger or a sewnse of retribuyion to soeone who has wronged you
What is Obedience ?
Following orders from authority figure
Conformity
going along w/ crowd
Trust
reliabilty or validity of something or someone
What is Kin selection?
The tendency to help those who share our genes
Empathy?
reacting to someones emotional state by miiroring their emotions
What is “when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another?
Egotistic helping
Whar is “when a helper sees to increase his or her own welfare and expects nothing in return?
Altruistic helpokng?
What is trhe empathy -altruism hypthesis
the idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other peoples distress as by helping or comforting
What is belef in a just world
more or less, abstract liberalism- people get whathey deserve
What is the bystander effect?
the finding that people are less likly to offer help when in a group as opposed to alone
What is pluralistic ignorance?
Looking to others for cues in how to behave while they are looking at you
In relation to obstacles to helping, what is the reduction in feeling rewsponsible that occurs when others aqre present?
diffusion of responsibility
In relation to obstacles to helping, what is failure to help in front pof others fir fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected?
Audience inhibition
What is volunteering?
planned nonimpulsive decision to help others
What is moral inclusion?
treat all as ingroup members
What is agression?
any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
What is displaced aggression?
any behavior that inentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur
What is direct aggressiom?
any behavior that intentionally harms another person whon is pphysically present
What is indirect aggression?
behavior that intentonally harms someone that is not physically presewnt
What is Reacvtive agression?
Behavior motivated by the desire to harm someone
What is Proactive aggression?
Premediated harmful behavior enacted to ensure some means to an end
What is Persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establoshing a power relationship over the victim?
Bullying
What is The use of internet to bully others?
Cyberbullyinh
What has a goal of aggression which manifests itself in extreme violence or harm enacted on another being?
Violence
What is antisocial behavior?
Behavior that either damages interpersonal relationshipsor is culturally undesirable.
What is Instinct
innate tendency to achieve some goal
What is eros?
in Freudian theory the constructive life-giving instinct
What is Thantos?
In freudian Theory, the destructive death instinct
What is, “Observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others”
Modeling
What are the two definitions that comprise the Frustration-Aggressio Hypothesis?
- The occurance of aggressive behavioralways presupposes the exsistence of frustration and
- The exsistece of frustration always leads to some form of aggression
What is Frustration?
Interference of a personal goal
What is Hostile attribution bias?
The tendency to percieve amigious actions by others as aggressive
What is Hostile perception bias?
The tendcency to percieve social interactions in general as being aggressive
What is the Hostile Expectation Bias?
The tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflict with aggression
What is fight or flight syndrome?
A response to stress that invoilves aggressing against others or running away
What is tend and befriend syndrome?
Response to stress, involvesnurturing othersd and making friends
What is relational aggression?
Behavior that involves intentionally harming another persons social relationships feelings of acceprtance or inclusion within a grouo
What is Domestic Violence?
Pysically harmful actions that take olace within close interpersonal relationship
What is Weapons Effect?
The increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presencene of a weapon
What is density?
The number of people divided by the area of the space they share
What is crowding?
the subjective and unpleseant feeling that there are too many peoplein a given area
What is testosterone?
male sex hormone. high levels of which have been linked to aggression
What is serotonin?
The feel good neurotransmitte, low levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans
What is Running Amok?
Malaysian culture refers to this as person becoming uncontrollably violent after blow to ego
What is Culture of honor?
Society places high value on individual respect, strength and virture andaaccepts violence if they are defending their honor
What is Honor Killing?
Killing another individual who has brought dishonor to a family memeber
What is Humiliation?
A state of disgrace or loss of self respect
What is Lying?
Making a false statement deliberately to mislead someone
What is Plagarize?
To claim ideas or thoughts of someone else and present them as yours
What is identity theft?
Stealing someones identitity and using it without their permission
What is Deindividuation
A sense of anominity and loss of individualitymaking people likely to ngage in antisocial behavior especially in large groups
What are norms?
Social standards
Whatare injuctive norms?
Norms that specify what most others approve of disapprove of
What are descriptive norms?
Norms that specify what most people do
What is Psychological reactance?
The unplesant emotional response people experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedomto engage in a desired behavior
