chaps 11-14 Flashcards
What is attraction?
Anything that draws two or more people together, making them want to possibly engage in long lasting relationship
What is social acceptance?
A situation in whcih other peoplehave come to like, respectyou approve of you, and include you in their groups or relationships.
What is rejection?
Being prevented by pothers from formingor keepinga social bondwith the; the oppiste of acceptance
What is the need to beloing?
The desire to form close lasting relationships with others
What ius Ingratiatin?
What people actively do to try and gewt someone to like them
What is self monitoring?
Thje ability to change one’s behavior in different situations
What is matching hypothesis?
The proposition that otherstend to pair up with others tht are equally attracgtive
`What is reinforcement theory?
The proposigtion that people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded more than they will peerform other behaviors
/What is propiquinty
Being near someone oin a regualr basis
What is social allergy effet?
The idea that a partners annoying habits become more anoying overtime
What is the What is beautiful is good effect
Basically the halo effect, physical atteaxctiveness transfers make those seem superior in other categories
What is ostracism?
Beingf excluded rejected and ignored by others
What is rejection sensitivity?
A tendency to expect rejection from others and to become hypersensative to possiblerejection
What is loneliness?
The painful feeling of wanting more human contact than you have
What is the bad apple effect?
The idea that one person who breaks the rules can insire others to break the rules as well
What is unrequited love?
A situation where one persons loves another but it is not reciprical
What is stalking?
Persisting in romantic behaviors that frighten and harass the rejector
What is Passionate love?
Stong feelings of longing desire and excitement toward ba special person
What is companionate love?
Mutual understanding and caring to make relationship succeed
What is passion?
An emotional state charecterized by high bodily arrousal such as increased heart rate and vblood preassure
What is intamacy
A feeling of closeness, mutual understanding, and mutual concern for each others welfare and happiness
Whatis commitment?
A conscious decision that remains constant
What are exchange relationships?
Based on reciprocity nsd fairness in which people expect something in return
What are communal relationships?
Relationships based on mutal love and concern, w/o expectation of repayment
What is attachement theory?
A theory that classifies people into four attachment styles based on two dimenssions
In relation to attachment theory what are the four main attachment styles
Secure, preoccupied, dismmissing and avoidant
What are the two dimnssions?
Anxiety and avoidant
What is secure attachment?
people are low on anxietyand avoidanc; trust partners, share feelings; enjoy relqationships
What are Preoccupied attachments?
People are low on avoidance but high in anxiety- what to enjoy closeness nbut worry thewir partners will leave them
What are Dissmissing avoidant attachments?
People are low on anxiety but high on avoidance, ted to view partners as unreliabnle, unavaliable and uncaring
What are fearful avoidant attachments?
People have high anxiety and avoidance- tend to have low opinions of themselves and avoid others or keep them from getting close
What is the investment model?
Theory that uses three factors, satisfactyion, investment, and alrternatives to asseswhy people stay or leave
What is relationship enhancing styles of attribution?``
Tendency of hapoy couples t attributetheir partnersgood acts to internal factors and bad acts to external factors
What is distress maintaining style of attribution?
Tendency of unhappy cuples to attribute their partners good actsto external factors and bad acts to internal factors
What is the social constuctionist theory of sexuality?
Attitudes, behaviors, sexual desire, and sexual behavior are strongly shaoped by culture ad socilizarion
What is evoilutionary thery?
Sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to be innate
What is social exchange theory
Seeks t analyze cost and benefits of interacting with eacho other to understand social behavior
What is the coolidge effect?
Theory that posits you are more aroused with a new partner than familiar one
What is erotic plasticity?
`The degree to which the sex drive can be shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational forces
What is extradydac sex?
HGaving sex wth someone other than one’s regualr relationship partner
What is social reality?
Beliefs held in common by several or many peopl;e; public awareness
What isPaternity uncertanty?
Some folks cannot be sure if the child is theres
What is double standard?
Cindemiing women more than men for same sexual behavior
What is prejudice?
A negative feelingtoward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group
Whatg is racism?
Prejudiced attitudes toward a articular race + power in society
`What is aversive racism?
Simultaneously holding egalitartian values and negative feelings toward people of other races
What is discirmination?
Harmful acts of violence physical por emptional directed at other groups based on an individuals antagonism towards that group
Whart are stereotypes?
Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits
Whar are subtypes
excptions to a stereotype that are used as mechanisms to justifty sterotypes legitamacy
What is categorixzation
Naural tendency for hmans to sort things into groups- cog misers
What is social categorization?
Process of sorting people into groups based on charecteristics
What are outgroup membrs?
People who belong to different group or category than we do
What are in group members
people who belong to same group as us
What is outgroup homogenity bias
Assumption that outgeroup memebers are more similar than ingroup members
What is stigma by association?
Rejectionof thoise who accociate with stigmatized other
What is homophobia
excessdive hatred of those who ascrbe themselves as homosexual
What are stigmas?
Charectyeristics of individualsthat are cinsidered socially unacceptable
What is in group favoritism?
preferential treatment of ingroup members
What is miniaml group effect?
People show favoritism to in group members eeven when it is randomly determined
What are superordinate goals?
Goals that are achieved by cordinating and working with others
What is realistic conflict theory?
We are in constant competition for resources
What is competition?
Situation where people can obtain their goals only if others do not
What is cooperation?
Situation in which people must work together wih others to help achieve goals
What is the discontinuity effect?
The finding that groups are more extreme and often more hostile than individuals
What is contact hypothesis?
The idea that regular interaction between members of different gorups reduces prejudice providing that it occurs under favorable conditions
What is salience?
Being obvious or staning out?
What is scapegoat theory?
The idea hat blaming problems and misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes towardss these outgroups
What is self serving bias
People take creit for sucess nut refuse blame for problems
What is confirmation bias?
Focusing more on evidence that reaffirms ones worldview
What ois sewlf fufiling prophecy?
A preduction that ensures, or causes - by behavior- smething to cme true
WHAT IS SELF DEFATING PROPHECY?
A predictionn by behavior it generares that it will not come true
What is sterotype threat?
The fear that one myight confirm stereotypes others hold
What is a group?
A collection of at least two people who are doing something together
What is deindividuatin?
The loss of self awareness and individuals accountability in a group
What is evaluation apprehension?
Concern about how others are judging you an or your performance
What is dominant response?
Most common reaction to given sitution
What is social facilia=tation theoryu?
Presence of others increases doinant response tendency
What is social loafing?
FInding that people reduce effort ewhen working in a group
What is the bad apple effect?
One social loafer can cause others to social loaf as ell
What is altruistic punishment?
People will sometimes sacrafice own gain for greater good
Whagt is the commons dillema?
Shared or jjointly owned resourcesto be squandered and not used in an optimal or adventateous fashion
What os brainstroming?
Creative thinking in groups
What is a transactive memory ?
A process which members of a small group remenber different kinds of info
What is group hink
Tendency of group members to think alike
What is self censorship?
Choosing not to express doubts or other information that goes against a groups pans and views
What is a risky shift ?
A tendency for groups to take greater risks thsan the same individuals would have decided to take individually
What is group polarization effect?
A shift towards a more extreme position resulting from groupo discussin
Wht are ;egitamitizing myths?
Explinations used to justify why people in m power deserve to be i power
