Exam 3 Flashcards
What is Attraction?
Anything that draws two or more peoiple together
What are some results of Attraction?
Social acceptance, liking, respect, approval, inclusion
What is rejection?
One person pushing another away
What are some results of rejextion
Exclusion, ostracism, dislike, disresopect, dissapproval
Humans hae a natural need to _____
belong- humans hae an elemental need for meaningful and supportive social relationships
What do we prioritize over comfort healt and safet/?
Relationships
What factors dictate the likelihood two people will form a relatioship/
Ingration, and similarity
What is ingartion?
Actions intended to make others like you
What is similarity?
People like people who are similar to themselves in important wats
In relationj to attraction and how do you get people to like you, what is self monitoring/
Ability to change one’s behavior for different situations
What is high v low self minitoring
High: Maximizr each social situation
Low: Intrest in poermanent connections and feelings
What is the Propinquity effect also known as?
The proximity effect
What does the Propinquity effect state?
The best predictor of who you like is physical proximity to you
What previous concept we have discussed is similar to the Propinqity effect?
Mere exposure effect
What di the festinger et al study of 1950 find?
Married student housing complex at mit
17 2 story buildings 10 apts per building
couples qwere randomly assign ed and tracked over time
What did the Moreland and Beach study of 1992 find?
Had female confederates go into a class 0 5 10 15 times a semester and had students rate the attractivness oif the student
In relation to physical attractiveness what is the Halo Effect?
Attractiveness grants bonus points to other categories, intlegience and humor
In relation to rejection what is ortacism?
Being excluded rejected and ignored
In relation to the effects of rejection, what are some examples of inner reactions?
Pain, illness, depression, suicidal thought, eating disorders, helplessness, and promiscuity
What is rejection sensitivity?
Tendency to expect rejection from others and become hypersensative to possible rejection
In relation to the effects of rejected people they have worse intelligent thought greater hostile cognitive bias less prosiocial behavior, greater cheating and rule breaking grwater impulsiviy and higher aggression, T O F?
T
What is Lonliness?
Painful feeling of wanting more human contact or connection than you have
doesnt refer to the amont of time spend alone
insufficient contact wt others
In relatio to lonliness tome spentwith others does not ______ needs
Satisfy
What do humans have an elemental need for?
Meaningful and supportive social relationships
Being socially isolated is worse for your health than what?
Obesity / pollution/ and smoking
What is social pain?
Social exclusion/ isolation activates physical pain pathways
In relation to social pain, hysical painkillers reduce pain of ____
rejection
Social pain impairs ____
health
In relation to social pain impairing health, it _____ stress hormones, _____ inflamation and ________ immune response
Relase, increase, amd reduces
According to the slide what are the sex difference in parental investment?
Women: Higher biologicval investment in offspring bc limited capacity to reproduce
men: unlimited capacity to reproduce
What is a major domain in evolutionary psychology?
Ev psych proposes : goal of hman behaviro is to transmit genes
The brain is composed of psychological mechanisms that solve ?
Adaptive challenges
Babies stae and miore _____ faces than unattractive faces?
attractivce
`Situational circumstances can change ratings of attractiveness (people see each other as more attractive after they have grown to like them, men rate their wives/girlfriends as less attractive if they have recently looked at Playboy or Penthouse models).
t o f?
t
What were the results of the fettignger study?
There was a strong negative correlation between physical distance between residences and amount of social interaction: more distance => less interaction.
The single best predictor of whther two people will get together is ?
Physical proximity
In relation to social pain- Several researchers have suggested that based on the importance of social connection for human survival, the ____ ____ system—which ensures social connection—may have piggybacked directly onto the physical pain system.
social attachment
When people experience social rejection (a form of social pain; MacDonald, 2009), they?
Comonly use words that are ientical to thoise used to describe physical pain
EX: People feel hurt crushed or pad
More recent evidence confirms that physical and social pain exhibit similar patterns of activation in the ?
Brain for people
What is close relationship just another term for?
Romantic rtelationships
What are exclusive dudaic relationships?
Relationships with 2 or more people
WHat are some examples of exclusive or dudiac relatioships?
Open, polyamor, swingers
Relationships may be ___ term or ___ term
long or short
What is equity theory?
There has to be an equal give and take between partners
cost and benefits,
contributions made by both parties
In equity theory what do people waeigh?
Do the costs outweigh the benefits
What is the investment model consist of
Ones’ satisfaction, alternatives, and other incvestments determine commitment level and the future stay or leave decision
What did the investment model devlop out of?
kelly and thibauts interdependence theory
What was interdepencence theory?
how much people need a relatinship in order to acheive various dsired goals
What does the investment model predict?
Satisfaction commitment and relationship stability
In relation to investment model, what is exchange?
Calculating costs and benefits?
What is a simplistic view of the Invstment model?/
– if a relationship provides lots of rewards and few costs, it will be more satisfying and you will be more committed to it.
In relation to the investment moidel- satisfaction = commitment will make the relationship ?
Last linfer
In relation to The investment miodel, what term describes “ are there generally more positives than negatives/?
Calculating costs and benefits
In relation to the investment model and comparing differences in costs and beneefits what are some exaples of this?
Do you deserve b etter was tyour last rleationship better
Benefits - costs- comarison levels =
Overall level of sa=atisfacvtion
What aree the perceptions of viable alternatives in relatio to invstment model?
Do you feel this is the only perspon who wpuld have you?
What is level of investment ?
Time monety children
Overall satisfaction = investment - alternatives=
commitment
Commitment is like a?
Behavioral intention to continue the relationship
Higher commitment=
More stable relationship
In relation to the evolutionary approach of attractiveness males emphasize— and females emphasize–
maels- physical atteactiveness and youth and number of partners
female- resoources, and dependability
In relatio to evolutinary approach of atractivesness and close relationships what is paternity uncertanty?
idek man- slide says, women more likely to be ivested in children because of gaurnteed genetic relatyedness
What is Mate poaching and mate gaurding?
-
What is Passinate Love?
romantic love, strong feelings of longing desire and excitement toward a special person
What kind of love is “ mutual understanding and caring to make relationship succeed?
compassionate loive
Love is composed of what three ingredients?
Passion intamachya nd commitment
What is passion/
Emtotinal state charecterized by high bodiliy arrousal
Wht is intamacy charecterized by?
Feeling of closeness mutual understanding and mutual concern
What is “conscious dececion that remains constant?
Commitment
What does sternbergas triangle show?
A diagram for interperting the different types of loves through the proxy of intimacy, passion and commitment
What doi the statistics show on frwuency of intercourse after marriage?
For most couples, sex is most frequent during the first month and first year after their wedding and declines after that. Breaks in the lines above indicate gaps in data. Source: James (1981).
In relation to gender and sexual desire?
More men than women report high sexual desire on almost every measure, but some differences are bigger than others.
People in and out of relationships envy each other t o f?
t
People in relatinships:?
Have more frequent sex, stronger support sstem and predictable romantic pattnerq
People out of relationships:
Have more secual partners
more time and energy on each sex act
have fewer demands and commitents on their resources
What dioes the suffocation midel of marriage state before the 1960s?
Marriage was an economic partnership
fuffiled basic needs, hifher needs met elsewhere
What does the suffocation model of marriage in modern day state?
Marriage satisfaction in decline,
arriage has to fufil all needs
What does attachment theory state about infant attachement?
Crries survival benefirs
develops as mother respons to infants needs and provides a dependable bade from which the inant can explore and retreat from threat
What does secure attachment mean in the stranger situation?
Distress at mothers departure and happy enthusiasm at return
What are insecure attachments in relaton the stranger situation?
ANXIOUSNESS AND AVOIDANT
What is anxious?
Usually upset at departure, approach rejction and angr
What is avoidant
calm at departure avoidance and rejection at return
What does the parenting style predict?
Attachment styles
In relation to atachment styles what are the styles?
Constantly supportive, cold distant, and inconsisyent
In relation to parenting styles what percentage of the childs attachmen t is associated with
conssitently supportive
cold distant
and inconsistent
consistent- secure 65%
cold distaqnt- avoiant 25%
inconsistent - anxious 10%
What are charecteristics of secure people
More happy; friendly; trusting; longer lasting
Mental model of love: It’s real and it stays
What are charecteristics of avoidant people
Less accepting of lovers’ imperfections
Mental model of love: Cynical, romantic love doesn’t last
What are thye charecteristics of ambiivlent people?
Obsessive; preoccupied; extremes of emotions, sexual attraction, and jealousy; love at first sight
Mental model of love: Falling in love is easy, but doesn’t last
What is stabiity?
Moderately stable across time.
Prototype for close relationships arises in infancy and persists in the face of new experience.
Those who are insecure may have periods of felt security.
What is specificity?
People demonstrate different patterns for relationships in different contexts (close friends, groups).
Three attachment styles: anxious/ ambivalent (A), secure (B), and avoidant (C) from a one-item measure. Source: Hazan and Shaver (1987?
y
Whatr are implicit theoriues of relatinshipS?
Destinity v growth beliefs
represent a resiliency factor in relationships in terms of commitment / conflict.
?
growth beliefs
What did destinty belefs grow out of?
Intelligence and achievement literature
What are the four phases of the braeak u[p?
1- intrapersonal- somethings wrong with relationship
2- dyadic- discuss problem with partner
3- social- announce break up
4- intra[erspna; - recpvery
In relation to breakup pitcomes, breakees lonliness depression and physical are less because they feel
broke it up
The breakees report more?
lonliness depression and physical disorder
Break ups can acgtivate senory components of pain?
t o f – t
Whatr are implicit theoriues of relatinshipS?
Destinity v growth beliefs
represent a resiliency factor in relationships in terms of commitment / conflict.
?
growth beliefs
What did destinty belefs grow out of?
Intelligence and achievement literature
What are the four phases of the braeak u[p?
1- intrapersonal- somethings wrong with relationship
2- dyadic- discuss problem with partner
3- social- announce break up
4- intra[erspna; - recpvery
In relation to breakup pitcomes, breakees lonliness depression and physical are less because they feel
broke it up
The breakees report more?
lonliness depression and physical disorder
Break ups can acgtivate senory components of pain?
t o f – t`
What is A Group?
A collection of at least two people who are doing or being something togetherr
Groups usually have common?
Goals and loyalties
What are Roles?
Set of expected behaviors that certain individuals perform based on position in group
What are formal roles?
Treasure politician lawyer
What are informal roles?
The leader the follwer the funy one
What are norms?
Rules of behavior for a grouo; prevailing beliefs, values, attitudes
A large part of social behavior concerns figuring out the group?
Norms
What are formal norms?
Laws
What are informal norms?
Traditions
What does the Minimal Group Paradigm state?
It’s really easy to make people feel like they are apart of a group
What is Deindividuation?
Refers to peoples tendency to lose their awarness and restraint when in groups
The nature of deindividuation beahvior depends on the people you are with or the ___ you are in
Group
Does deindividuation always make you do bad things?
No
What is Social Facilitation?
Does the presence of others facilitate performance
In relation to social facilitation is it true that sometimes the presence of others can decrease your ovwerall performance?
Yes
Soicial facilitation also posits that the presences of others creatre ___
Arousal
Why does the presence of others create arousal?
Evaluation Apprehension
Being in the presence of others effects performance in a 3 stage process, what is stage 1
Having other people around creates a psychological arousal
Being in the presence of others effects performance in a 3 stage process, what is stage 2
Arsoual enhances the tendency to perform the dominant response
THE BOOK GIVES 3 REASONS WHY OTHERS CAUSE AROUSAL.what are they
They make us stay alert
they may be evaluating us
They are distracting
In relation to micheals et al pool player study below average pool player made more shots when they were ________ than when they were ______
Unobserved, observed
In relation to micheals et al pool player study Aboveaverage pool player made more shots when they were ________ than when they were ______
Observed, unobserved
What is Social Loafing?
Reducing individual contribution to group
other pick up slack
Social Loafing is the presense of others with the absence of ____
Arousal
Situations in which being in a group makes you relax as you perform: you can fade into the crowd. decreases dominant response this is?
Social Loafing
What did the Cheering study find?
The bigger the group, the less loudly people cheer and clap.
Even occurred for cheerleader subjects!
Group projects where professor never knows who did what – one group grade.
Singing happy birthday in a crowd.
What is Groupthink?
People adopt attitudes. beliefs of the group
What problems does group think lead to?
groups are not always as wise as individuals that comprise them
Being a member of a group can affect not only behavior, but also thought-processes and judgments, often in bad ways.
t o f?
t
What are charecteristics of groups that lead to ppoor decsion making?
Satificing and poor communication
What is satificing?
Satisficing occurs in consensus building when the group looks towards a solution everyone can agree on, even if it may not be the best.
What are some risk factors of groups?
High cohesiveness, group isolation
directive leader
high stress
highly similar members
What are symptoms of groups?
Illusion og invunerability
illusion of unanimity
self censorship
pressure on disenter to conform
What are consequences of groups?
Poor information search.
Failure to examine risks of chosen alternatives.
Failure to develop contingency plans.
Bad decisions much more likely.
What is Group Polarizatin?
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.
Why does group polarization happen?
Persuasive argument interpertation
social comparison interpertation
Whast is persusaive argument interpertation?
: Everyone has arguments supporting their initial recommendation, some of which others haven’t considered.
What is social comaprison interpertation?
When you discuss an issue in a group, the first thing you do is check out what everyone else feels.
What are some solutions to group polarixzation?
Avoid overly directive leader. Encourage/force discrepant opinions. Diversity. Seek anonymous opinions. Subgroups.
In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is A?
Affective component- prejudice
Negative feeling towards an individual due to their group memebership
akin to attitudes
In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is B?
Behavioral component discrimination
Hostile Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group
In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is C?
Cognitive compionent- stereotypes
A belief that associates a group of people with certain traits
- cognitive framework that we use to organize our beliefs about specific groups of people
What is Categorization?
We innately classify people into groups.
IN relation to categorization we ten to focus on _____ and ifgnore___
Similarities, difference
What are perceived similarities?
Stereotypes
By sorting people into grops based on common atributes loke age race or sex we can more easily think about our?
Social environemnr
Is categorization a natural and adaptive process?
Most of the time because it allows us to form impressions quickly and use past experiences to guide new interactions
Automatically classifying people into groups can lead us to ____individual differences when trying to figure out what a person is like.
ignore
Based on our experiences with people who are members of certain groups, we quickly generalize that experience to other members of that same group, even if we don’t know anything about them.
and with that a _____ arises
stereotype
To save us time and cognitive effort we often ____ the distictions ____ groups and _____ the differences ____
Sharpen between, soften within
What is ingroup bias?
We tend to like members of ingroups better than members of outgroups, even if we don’t know anything about the other members of our ingroups except they are in the same group as we are.
What is Outgroup Homogenity effect?
is the tendency to assume there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than members of ingroups.
What does Social identity theory posit?
Group membership has implications for our self-esteem; We want to be members of the best group.
Think of your personal identity and you personal achievements and add in favoritism for in group and contempt for outgroup and that builds our self esteem
You can increase SE by
by associating yourself with group achievements (BIRGing) or enhancing your own group; or by derogating outgroups (downward social comparison for groups).
Fein & Spencer (1997) found that when people had been threatened by receiving failure feedback, they were more likely to
Stereotyoe
OHE Gives us the oppurtunoity to learn about ?
Individual differences within our own group
In relation to OHE it is easier to recall?
Specific individuals when thinking about our own group
What are two reasons for OHE?
Oppurtunities for learnign and Memory and retrival process
What is Oppurtunity for learning
You have little personal contact with outgroup members, and when you do interact it is superficial and situationally-limited.
What is Memory and retrival process
- When you think about ingroup members, you can think about specific individuals, but when you think about outgroup members, you might not be able to think of any specific person.
Therefore, you end up thinking about the group as a whole in an abstract way.
What is Interpertation of behavior?
When a behavior or a word is ambiguous, it can be interpreted in stereotype-consistent ways to reduce the ambiguity.
What was the overall finding by Sagar and schofield?
Both black and white children rated the black kid behavior as meaner
Study where shove by White person is seen as playful, but shove by Black person is seen as hostile. Replicated with kids (6th graders) (Sagar & Schofield, 1980) – ambiguous bumps into another person were seen as more mean and threatening if the bump was by an African American than if it was by a Caucasian, by both Black and White boys.
What did the Payne dtudy find?
Black and White faces flashed subconsciously
Participants asked to quickly identify objects as household tools or guns
People tend to make stereotype-consistent errors:
Black face – gun
White face – tool
Find effect regardless of prejudice level.
Perceptions are biased in a ?
Sterotyped consistent manner
What are the implications for sterotyped consistent behavior?
Participants mistakenly shoot unarmed African-American targets more than unarmed White targets.
In relation to the ultimate attribution error and out groups Negative behaviors are ___ and Positive behaviors are ___
and for in groups?
dispositional, situatiponal
situational , dispositiona;
WHat doies ultimate attribution error posit?
Stereotypoes influence how we explain other groups behavior
What does Lingistic intergroup bias show?
Stereotypes affect the way you describe behaviors.
If I show you a picture of a white guy pushing another guy and ask you to describe the picture, you’ll say, “The white guy pushed the other guy.”
If I show you a picture of a black guy pushing another guy, you’ll say “The black guy is violent.”
In relationto lingustic intergroup bias, Maass et al. (1989) found that language use supports this: a behavior (hitting someone with a fist) was described abstractly (as “aggressive”) when done by an out-group member but concretely (“punching”) when done by an in-group member.
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Abstract language sugests a more/?
personality based attribution where as concrete suggests situational
What is subtyping?
View Stereotype-inconsistent members of stereotyped groups as “exceptions to the rule”, so no revision of stereotype is necessary.
Subtyping prevents?
Prevents your stereotype/schema from being disconfirmed.
What is realistic conflict theory
We are at competition for limited resources, competition can be real or imaged
Realistic coinflict theory can predict why therre is more prejudice attitude during economic and political turmoil
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What are self fufiling prophecies?
People are unaware of the effects they are having on the behavior of other people (the 4th step of the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle), so we assume that their behavior is being caused by their personality.
In word, zanna and coopers study what did they find?
Participants acted as interviewers of job candidates who were Black or White.
Found that interviewers sat farther from Black interviewees, stammered more, had shorter conversations.
Ended up rating the Black interviewees more poorly.
What is the sterotypes threat?
Fear of confriming negative steriotyper
What did steele and arrasons study find?
Gave Black and White college students items from the SAT test.
Half were told the test measured general intelligence.
Half were told it did not
stereotyoe relevant situation caused poor performance cause of nervous ness
Solutions to prejudice?
Contact
Covert expressions of prejudice can be reduced by intergroup contact
Superordinate goals
Cooperating to achieve common goals is one powerful antidote to intergroup conflict
Jigsaw classroom: cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material
What are incentive structures?
The pressure to publish to get positions, funding and data
What are the three categories of scientific misconduct?
Fabrication, falsifgication, questionabe research practices
What is scientific replication?
scientific misconduct is shown because scientific studies cannot be reproduced
What is fabrication??
Making data up
What is falsigication?
Distorting data
What are questionable research practices?
cooking data, mining data, concealing conflicts of interest
Decisions in design, analysis, and reporting that increase the likelihood of achieving a positive result
define what term?
QRP’S
What are some examples of qrps
Lots of tiny samples (N = 20)
Measuring DV in multiple ways and then picking the one that works best
Peeking at data after you run a few participants
Dropping experimental manipulations that didn’t “work”
If you do this enough you can prove anything!
Failed” studies don’t get published and are filed away from the public and scientific communities
defines what term?
File drawer problem
How replicable are scientific experiements roughly?
about 36% replicatyed
What are some solutions for researchers?
Increase disclosure in..?
____ ____ hypothesis and methods
share…?
Publisize ___
run studies with ?
methods results and huypothesis
pre register
data and materials with other researcher
findings regardless of resut
larger and more diverse sample
Be an informed consumer of science
Don’t believe everything you read!
If an effect seems unbelievable, it just might be.
Pay attention to sample size
How big is the sample?
Effects are unreliable if sample size is too low, a 2,000 person study more reliable than a 50 person study relates to?
Is the study you are reading the only demonstration of this effect?
Have people from other labs replicated this?
Did the authors make their data available?
Advocate for good research so we can understand more about humans and why they do the things they do
howTo be an informed consumer of science
What two vcu projects examine replicability issue from differen angles?
Many labs
qrp dissertation to pub study
What is many labs?
Largwe scale direct replication study of 10 published psychological findings
What is QR[P Dissertation ti pub study
Meta analusis of hypothesis dropping changing when publishing disserttion studies
What is Many Labs 3?
ML3 is a part of a series of multi lab direct replication efforts
what does direct replication help identitfy? 2 things
Accurate conditions under which certain psychological effects happen (e.g., culture, personality, environment)
True effect sizes (how strongly does X affect Y under certain conditions?)
How many well cited research findings did Many Labs 3 review?
10
How many iniversityies participated in ML3?
21
How many stufdies replicated fully according to ML3?
5 out of 10
Findings in many labs 3 suggest what?
Many findings should be taken with caution
In relation to ml3 findings they also found there was no moderation around?
Semestyer time
QRP’S ARE?
Questionable rrsearch practices
What are two examples of qrps
fole drawer problem and harking
Wha is harking
Hypothesiszing after results are known / removing unsupported hypothesis
What does harking do?
Allows you to present the findings as if you predicted them from the start
Why do scientist engage in qrp?
Institutional pressure
Why is it difficult to observe harking and file drawer problem?
Becasuse the only focus is on publishe studies
What is one way to address these problems?
pre registration of hypthesis before collecting data
In relation to “Our dissertation to pub meta analysis” HOw many
- Dissertations did they analyze
- what were their two hypothesis?
- 98
- dissertations hypthesis that support results likely to be kept
and dissertation hypothesis that do not support results likely to be drippe
In relation to “Our dissertation to pub meta analysis” What were the findings in relartion to the hypothesis?
hypothesis that were supported 1.5 times more likely to be ketpt
unspuportted 7.5 times more likely to be altered or reversed
Part of ther reproducibility crisis is likely due to the supprerssion of?
Null results in scientific literature
What was ms thomas’s main research question?
Ethnic racial identity, social transactions in the classroom, and academic outcomes
In relation to ms thomas’s study what is the problem?
There is a persistet achievement gap
In relation to ms thomas;s presentation, she found that literature was inconclusive on whether?
Ethynic racial identity had a postive, negative or no effect on acedimic outcoes
When does development of ethnic racial identity begin?
Middle school
What is centraility in relation to ms thomas’s study
Race is an important aspect of a persons identity
What is Public regard in relation to ms thomas’s study?
Person feels others feel positively toward their group
What is provate regard in relation to ethnic racial identity?
Person feels positive toward others in thei ethnic group and feels positivity to being apart of that group
T o f, Observed differential treatment is related to lower performance?
t - deals with teachers
In relation to teachers and students percieved ___ was negatively related to students graces
discrimination
Postitive peer support is positively related to?
Ethnic identity
Sane ethnic relationships are uniquely related to high?
Centraility
In relation to ms thomas’s 1st research question “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence engagement and grades?” what ios her hypthesis?
Public regard and centrality will positively predict enagement and grades
In relation to ms thomas 2nd research question “Do classroom relationships mediate associations between ethnic-racial identity and grades; additionally are there gender differences?
“ what are her 2 hyothesis?
For gir;s, pathway from ethic racial identity to academic outcomes is though friendships
for boys, relationship with teacher
In relation to ms thomas’s study sample how many students and teachers did she interview
101 students
5 teachers
large caucasian sample
What did ms thomas use to measure ethnic identity?
Multidimmensional inventory of black identity teen assesment
What did ms thomas use to measure friendship quality?
Friendship quality questionaire
What did ms thomas use to measure teacher student relationship
Teacher student relationship scale
What did ms thomas use to measure academic outcomes?
Academic engagement
math and language arts grades were provded by school administrator
In relation to ms thomas’s results what did she find in the cognitive engagement arena for her first research question, “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes”
Public regard positively predicted cognitive engagement
and public regard +centrality predicted positive engagement
in relation to cognitive enagement and ms thomas’s 1st research uestion “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes” variuance in the model accounted for?
21%
In relation to behavioral engagement and ms thomas’s 1st research uestion “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes” what dod she find?
Public regard positively predicted behavioral engagement
Centrality negatively predicted behavioral engagement
Public Regard x Gender and
Centrality x Gender predicted behavioral engagement
What were some limitations of ms thoma’s study?
Teachers perceptions of student-teacher relationship
Path models constrained by sample size
Findings cannot be broadly generalized
What are future directions for ms thoma’s study?
Student perception of relationship quality and discrimination
Further analyses of underlying factors related to boys’ centrality and behavioral engagement
In relation to ms martelli’s study what is mindfulness
Paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the moment and non judgementally
What is interpersonal emotion regulation
Relying on others to meet eotional needs
reasurance seeking
What is reassuance seeking?
Maladaptive form of always needing reassurance from a partner
What does ms martelli’s present study focus on?
whether mindfulness would predict indices of IER between romantic partners.
What was ms martelli’s hypothesis?
We expected that mindfulness would promote more adaptive use of IER.
Who were the participants is ms martelli’s study?
67 adult romantic couples completed dispositional mindfulness, dependence on one’s romantic partner for emotional support, and reassurane seeking
What was ms martelli’s prediction about reassurance seeking?
): Dispositional mindfulness would predict less tendency to engage in reassurance seeking.
What was ms martelli’s prediction about depndence on emotional support?
Mindfulness would predict more dependence on emotional support from their partner.
What did ms martelli use to measure her study?
mindful attention awareness scale
What is the reasurance seeking measure ms martelli used?
4-item scale assessing frequency of reassurance seeking rated on a 7-point Likert scale from “no, not at all” to “yes, very much”
What is the emotional support measure ms martelli used ?
3-item subscale assessing dependence of romantic partner for emotional support rated on a 5-point Likert scale from “little or none” to “the most”
Results suggest that more mindful individuals rely less on highly other-dependent forms of IER to regulate their own emotions, and at the same time, are depended on more to help regulate the emotions of romantic partners.
t o f?
t
