Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 321: Social Psych > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is Attraction?

A

Anything that draws two or more peoiple together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some results of Attraction?

A

Social acceptance, liking, respect, approval, inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is rejection?

A

One person pushing another away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some results of rejextion

A

Exclusion, ostracism, dislike, disresopect, dissapproval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humans hae a natural need to _____

A

belong- humans hae an elemental need for meaningful and supportive social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do we prioritize over comfort healt and safet/?

A

Relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors dictate the likelihood two people will form a relatioship/

A

Ingration, and similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ingartion?

A

Actions intended to make others like you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is similarity?

A

People like people who are similar to themselves in important wats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In relationj to attraction and how do you get people to like you, what is self monitoring/

A

Ability to change one’s behavior for different situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is high v low self minitoring

A

High: Maximizr each social situation

Low: Intrest in poermanent connections and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Propinquity effect also known as?

A

The proximity effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Propinquity effect state?

A

The best predictor of who you like is physical proximity to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What previous concept we have discussed is similar to the Propinqity effect?

A

Mere exposure effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What di the festinger et al study of 1950 find?

A

Married student housing complex at mit

17 2 story buildings 10 apts per building

couples qwere randomly assign ed and tracked over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did the Moreland and Beach study of 1992 find?

A

Had female confederates go into a class 0 5 10 15 times a semester and had students rate the attractivness oif the student

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In relation to physical attractiveness what is the Halo Effect?

A

Attractiveness grants bonus points to other categories, intlegience and humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In relation to rejection what is ortacism?

A

Being excluded rejected and ignored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In relation to the effects of rejection, what are some examples of inner reactions?

A

Pain, illness, depression, suicidal thought, eating disorders, helplessness, and promiscuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is rejection sensitivity?

A

Tendency to expect rejection from others and become hypersensative to possible rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In relation to the effects of rejected people they have worse intelligent thought greater hostile cognitive bias less prosiocial behavior, greater cheating and rule breaking grwater impulsiviy and higher aggression, T O F?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Lonliness?

A

Painful feeling of wanting more human contact or connection than you have

doesnt refer to the amont of time spend alone

insufficient contact wt others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In relatio to lonliness tome spentwith others does not ______ needs

A

Satisfy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do humans have an elemental need for?

A

Meaningful and supportive social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Being socially isolated is worse for your health than what?

A

Obesity / pollution/ and smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is social pain?

A

Social exclusion/ isolation activates physical pain pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In relation to social pain, hysical painkillers reduce pain of ____

A

rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Social pain impairs ____

A

health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In relation to social pain impairing health, it _____ stress hormones, _____ inflamation and ________ immune response

A

Relase, increase, amd reduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

According to the slide what are the sex difference in parental investment?

A

Women: Higher biologicval investment in offspring bc limited capacity to reproduce

men: unlimited capacity to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a major domain in evolutionary psychology?

A

Ev psych proposes : goal of hman behaviro is to transmit genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The brain is composed of psychological mechanisms that solve ?

A

Adaptive challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Babies stae and miore _____ faces than unattractive faces?

A

attractivce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

`Situational circumstances can change ratings of attractiveness (people see each other as more attractive after they have grown to like them, men rate their wives/girlfriends as less attractive if they have recently looked at Playboy or Penthouse models).

t o f?

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What were the results of the fettignger study?

A

There was a strong negative correlation between physical distance between residences and amount of social interaction: more distance => less interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The single best predictor of whther two people will get together is ?

A

Physical proximity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In relation to social pain- Several researchers have suggested that based on the importance of social connection for human survival, the ____ ____ system—which ensures social connection—may have piggybacked directly onto the physical pain system.

A

social attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When people experience social rejection (a form of social pain; MacDonald, 2009), they?

A

Comonly use words that are ientical to thoise used to describe physical pain

EX: People feel hurt crushed or pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

More recent evidence confirms that physical and social pain exhibit similar patterns of activation in the ?

A

Brain for people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is close relationship just another term for?

A

Romantic rtelationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are exclusive dudaic relationships?

A

Relationships with 2 or more people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

WHat are some examples of exclusive or dudiac relatioships?

A

Open, polyamor, swingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Relationships may be ___ term or ___ term

A

long or short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is equity theory?

A

There has to be an equal give and take between partners

cost and benefits,

contributions made by both parties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In equity theory what do people waeigh?

A

Do the costs outweigh the benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the investment model consist of

A

Ones’ satisfaction, alternatives, and other incvestments determine commitment level and the future stay or leave decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What did the investment model devlop out of?

A

kelly and thibauts interdependence theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was interdepencence theory?

A

how much people need a relatinship in order to acheive various dsired goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does the investment model predict?

A

Satisfaction commitment and relationship stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In relation to investment model, what is exchange?

A

Calculating costs and benefits?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is a simplistic view of the Invstment model?/

A

– if a relationship provides lots of rewards and few costs, it will be more satisfying and you will be more committed to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In relation to the investment moidel- satisfaction = commitment will make the relationship ?

A

Last linfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

In relation to The investment miodel, what term describes “ are there generally more positives than negatives/?

A

Calculating costs and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In relation to the investment model and comparing differences in costs and beneefits what are some exaples of this?

A

Do you deserve b etter was tyour last rleationship better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Benefits - costs- comarison levels =

A

Overall level of sa=atisfacvtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What aree the perceptions of viable alternatives in relatio to invstment model?

A

Do you feel this is the only perspon who wpuld have you?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is level of investment ?

A

Time monety children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Overall satisfaction = investment - alternatives=

A

commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Commitment is like a?

A

Behavioral intention to continue the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Higher commitment=

A

More stable relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In relation to the evolutionary approach of attractiveness males emphasize— and females emphasize–

A

maels- physical atteactiveness and youth and number of partners

female- resoources, and dependability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

In relatio to evolutinary approach of atractivesness and close relationships what is paternity uncertanty?

A

idek man- slide says, women more likely to be ivested in children because of gaurnteed genetic relatyedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is Mate poaching and mate gaurding?

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is Passinate Love?

A

romantic love, strong feelings of longing desire and excitement toward a special person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What kind of love is “ mutual understanding and caring to make relationship succeed?

A

compassionate loive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Love is composed of what three ingredients?

A

Passion intamachya nd commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is passion/

A

Emtotinal state charecterized by high bodiliy arrousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Wht is intamacy charecterized by?

A

Feeling of closeness mutual understanding and mutual concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is “conscious dececion that remains constant?

A

Commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What does sternbergas triangle show?

A

A diagram for interperting the different types of loves through the proxy of intimacy, passion and commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What doi the statistics show on frwuency of intercourse after marriage?

A

For most couples, sex is most frequent during the first month and first year after their wedding and declines after that. Breaks in the lines above indicate gaps in data. Source: James (1981).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

In relation to gender and sexual desire?

A

More men than women report high sexual desire on almost every measure, but some differences are bigger than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

People in and out of relationships envy each other t o f?

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

People in relatinships:?

A

Have more frequent sex, stronger support sstem and predictable romantic pattnerq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

People out of relationships:

A

Have more secual partners

more time and energy on each sex act

have fewer demands and commitents on their resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What dioes the suffocation midel of marriage state before the 1960s?

A

Marriage was an economic partnership

fuffiled basic needs, hifher needs met elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What does the suffocation model of marriage in modern day state?

A

Marriage satisfaction in decline,

arriage has to fufil all needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What does attachment theory state about infant attachement?

A

Crries survival benefirs

develops as mother respons to infants needs and provides a dependable bade from which the inant can explore and retreat from threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What does secure attachment mean in the stranger situation?

A

Distress at mothers departure and happy enthusiasm at return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are insecure attachments in relaton the stranger situation?

A

ANXIOUSNESS AND AVOIDANT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is anxious?

A

Usually upset at departure, approach rejction and angr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is avoidant

A

calm at departure avoidance and rejection at return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does the parenting style predict?

A

Attachment styles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

In relation to atachment styles what are the styles?

A

Constantly supportive, cold distant, and inconsisyent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

In relation to parenting styles what percentage of the childs attachmen t is associated with

conssitently supportive

cold distant

and inconsistent

A

consistent- secure 65%

cold distaqnt- avoiant 25%

inconsistent - anxious 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are charecteristics of secure people

A

More happy; friendly; trusting; longer lasting

Mental model of love: It’s real and it stays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are charecteristics of avoidant people

A

Less accepting of lovers’ imperfections

Mental model of love: Cynical, romantic love doesn’t last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What are thye charecteristics of ambiivlent people?

A

Obsessive; preoccupied; extremes of emotions, sexual attraction, and jealousy; love at first sight
Mental model of love: Falling in love is easy, but doesn’t last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is stabiity?

A

Moderately stable across time.
Prototype for close relationships arises in infancy and persists in the face of new experience.
Those who are insecure may have periods of felt security.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is specificity?

A

People demonstrate different patterns for relationships in different contexts (close friends, groups).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Three attachment styles: anxious/ ambivalent (A), secure (B), and avoidant (C) from a one-item measure. Source: Hazan and Shaver (1987?

A

y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Whatr are implicit theoriues of relatinshipS?

A

Destinity v growth beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

represent a resiliency factor in relationships in terms of commitment / conflict.
?

A

growth beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What did destinty belefs grow out of?

A

Intelligence and achievement literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are the four phases of the braeak u[p?

A

1- intrapersonal- somethings wrong with relationship

2- dyadic- discuss problem with partner

3- social- announce break up

4- intra[erspna; - recpvery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

In relation to breakup pitcomes, breakees lonliness depression and physical are less because they feel

A

broke it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

The breakees report more?

A

lonliness depression and physical disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Break ups can acgtivate senory components of pain?

A

t o f – t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Whatr are implicit theoriues of relatinshipS?

A

Destinity v growth beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

represent a resiliency factor in relationships in terms of commitment / conflict.
?

A

growth beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What did destinty belefs grow out of?

A

Intelligence and achievement literature

102
Q

What are the four phases of the braeak u[p?

A

1- intrapersonal- somethings wrong with relationship

2- dyadic- discuss problem with partner

3- social- announce break up

4- intra[erspna; - recpvery

103
Q

In relation to breakup pitcomes, breakees lonliness depression and physical are less because they feel

A

broke it up

104
Q

The breakees report more?

A

lonliness depression and physical disorder

105
Q

Break ups can acgtivate senory components of pain?

A

t o f – t`

106
Q

What is A Group?

A

A collection of at least two people who are doing or being something togetherr

107
Q

Groups usually have common?

A

Goals and loyalties

108
Q

What are Roles?

A

Set of expected behaviors that certain individuals perform based on position in group

109
Q

What are formal roles?

A

Treasure politician lawyer

110
Q

What are informal roles?

A

The leader the follwer the funy one

111
Q

What are norms?

A

Rules of behavior for a grouo; prevailing beliefs, values, attitudes

112
Q

A large part of social behavior concerns figuring out the group?

A

Norms

113
Q

What are formal norms?

A

Laws

114
Q

What are informal norms?

A

Traditions

115
Q

What does the Minimal Group Paradigm state?

A

It’s really easy to make people feel like they are apart of a group

116
Q

What is Deindividuation?

A

Refers to peoples tendency to lose their awarness and restraint when in groups

117
Q

The nature of deindividuation beahvior depends on the people you are with or the ___ you are in

A

Group

118
Q

Does deindividuation always make you do bad things?

A

No

119
Q

What is Social Facilitation?

A

Does the presence of others facilitate performance

120
Q

In relation to social facilitation is it true that sometimes the presence of others can decrease your ovwerall performance?

A

Yes

121
Q

Soicial facilitation also posits that the presences of others creatre ___

A

Arousal

122
Q

Why does the presence of others create arousal?

A

Evaluation Apprehension

123
Q

Being in the presence of others effects performance in a 3 stage process, what is stage 1

A

Having other people around creates a psychological arousal

124
Q

Being in the presence of others effects performance in a 3 stage process, what is stage 2

A

Arsoual enhances the tendency to perform the dominant response

125
Q

THE BOOK GIVES 3 REASONS WHY OTHERS CAUSE AROUSAL.what are they

A

They make us stay alert

they may be evaluating us

They are distracting

126
Q

In relation to micheals et al pool player study below average pool player made more shots when they were ________ than when they were ______

A

Unobserved, observed

127
Q

In relation to micheals et al pool player study Aboveaverage pool player made more shots when they were ________ than when they were ______

A

Observed, unobserved

128
Q

What is Social Loafing?

A

Reducing individual contribution to group

other pick up slack

129
Q

Social Loafing is the presense of others with the absence of ____

A

Arousal

130
Q

Situations in which being in a group makes you relax as you perform: you can fade into the crowd. decreases dominant response this is?

A

Social Loafing

131
Q

What did the Cheering study find?

A

The bigger the group, the less loudly people cheer and clap.
Even occurred for cheerleader subjects!
Group projects where professor never knows who did what – one group grade.
Singing happy birthday in a crowd.

132
Q

What is Groupthink?

A

People adopt attitudes. beliefs of the group

133
Q

What problems does group think lead to?

A

groups are not always as wise as individuals that comprise them

134
Q

Being a member of a group can affect not only behavior, but also thought-processes and judgments, often in bad ways.
t o f?

A

t

135
Q

What are charecteristics of groups that lead to ppoor decsion making?

A

Satificing and poor communication

136
Q

What is satificing?

A

Satisficing occurs in consensus building when the group looks towards a solution everyone can agree on, even if it may not be the best.

137
Q

What are some risk factors of groups?

A

High cohesiveness, group isolation

directive leader

high stress

highly similar members

138
Q

What are symptoms of groups?

A

Illusion og invunerability

illusion of unanimity

self censorship

pressure on disenter to conform

139
Q

What are consequences of groups?

A

Poor information search.

Failure to examine risks of chosen alternatives.

Failure to develop contingency plans.

Bad decisions much more likely.

140
Q

What is Group Polarizatin?

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.

141
Q

Why does group polarization happen?

A

Persuasive argument interpertation

social comparison interpertation

142
Q

Whast is persusaive argument interpertation?

A

: Everyone has arguments supporting their initial recommendation, some of which others haven’t considered.

143
Q

What is social comaprison interpertation?

A

When you discuss an issue in a group, the first thing you do is check out what everyone else feels.

144
Q

What are some solutions to group polarixzation?

A 
Avoid overly directive leader.
Encourage/force discrepant opinions.
Diversity.
Seek anonymous opinions. 
Subgroups.
145
Q

In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is A?

A

Affective component- prejudice

Negative feeling towards an individual due to their group memebership

akin to attitudes

146
Q

In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is B?

A

Behavioral component discrimination

Hostile Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

147
Q

In relation to the ABC’S OF Prejudice and stereotyping what is C?

A

Cognitive compionent- stereotypes

A belief that associates a group of people with certain traits

  • cognitive framework that we use to organize our beliefs about specific groups of people
148
Q

What is Categorization?

A

We innately classify people into groups.

149
Q

IN relation to categorization we ten to focus on _____ and ifgnore___

A

Similarities, difference

150
Q

What are perceived similarities?

A

Stereotypes

151
Q

By sorting people into grops based on common atributes loke age race or sex we can more easily think about our?

A

Social environemnr

152
Q

Is categorization a natural and adaptive process?

A

Most of the time because it allows us to form impressions quickly and use past experiences to guide new interactions

153
Q

Automatically classifying people into groups can lead us to ____individual differences when trying to figure out what a person is like.

A

ignore

154
Q

Based on our experiences with people who are members of certain groups, we quickly generalize that experience to other members of that same group, even if we don’t know anything about them.
and with that a _____ arises

A

stereotype

155
Q

To save us time and cognitive effort we often ____ the distictions ____ groups and _____ the differences ____

A

Sharpen between, soften within

156
Q

What is ingroup bias?

A

We tend to like members of ingroups better than members of outgroups, even if we don’t know anything about the other members of our ingroups except they are in the same group as we are.

157
Q

What is Outgroup Homogenity effect?

A

is the tendency to assume there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than members of ingroups.

158
Q

What does Social identity theory posit?

A

Group membership has implications for our self-esteem; We want to be members of the best group.

Think of your personal identity and you personal achievements and add in favoritism for in group and contempt for outgroup and that builds our self esteem

159
Q

You can increase SE by

A

by associating yourself with group achievements (BIRGing) or enhancing your own group; or by derogating outgroups (downward social comparison for groups).

160
Q

Fein & Spencer (1997) found that when people had been threatened by receiving failure feedback, they were more likely to

A

Stereotyoe

161
Q

OHE Gives us the oppurtunoity to learn about ?

A

Individual differences within our own group

162
Q

In relation to OHE it is easier to recall?

A

Specific individuals when thinking about our own group

163
Q

What are two reasons for OHE?

A

Oppurtunities for learnign and Memory and retrival process

164
Q

What is Oppurtunity for learning

A

You have little personal contact with outgroup members, and when you do interact it is superficial and situationally-limited.

165
Q

What is Memory and retrival process

A
  • When you think about ingroup members, you can think about specific individuals, but when you think about outgroup members, you might not be able to think of any specific person.

Therefore, you end up thinking about the group as a whole in an abstract way.

166
Q

What is Interpertation of behavior?

A

When a behavior or a word is ambiguous, it can be interpreted in stereotype-consistent ways to reduce the ambiguity.

167
Q

What was the overall finding by Sagar and schofield?

A

Both black and white children rated the black kid behavior as meaner

Study where shove by White person is seen as playful, but shove by Black person is seen as hostile. Replicated with kids (6th graders) (Sagar & Schofield, 1980) – ambiguous bumps into another person were seen as more mean and threatening if the bump was by an African American than if it was by a Caucasian, by both Black and White boys.

168
Q

What did the Payne dtudy find?

Black and White faces flashed subconsciously
Participants asked to quickly identify objects as household tools or guns

A

People tend to make stereotype-consistent errors:
Black face – gun
White face – tool

Find effect regardless of prejudice level.

169
Q

Perceptions are biased in a ?

A

Sterotyped consistent manner

170
Q

What are the implications for sterotyped consistent behavior?

A

Participants mistakenly shoot unarmed African-American targets more than unarmed White targets.

171
Q

In relation to the ultimate attribution error and out groups Negative behaviors are ___ and Positive behaviors are ___

and for in groups?

A

dispositional, situatiponal

situational , dispositiona;

172
Q

WHat doies ultimate attribution error posit?

A

Stereotypoes influence how we explain other groups behavior

173
Q

What does Lingistic intergroup bias show?

A

Stereotypes affect the way you describe behaviors.

If I show you a picture of a white guy pushing another guy and ask you to describe the picture, you’ll say, “The white guy pushed the other guy.”

If I show you a picture of a black guy pushing another guy, you’ll say “The black guy is violent.”

174
Q

In relationto lingustic intergroup bias, Maass et al. (1989) found that language use supports this: a behavior (hitting someone with a fist) was described abstractly (as “aggressive”) when done by an out-group member but concretely (“punching”) when done by an in-group member.

A

t

175
Q

Abstract language sugests a more/?

A

personality based attribution where as concrete suggests situational

176
Q

What is subtyping?

A

View Stereotype-inconsistent members of stereotyped groups as “exceptions to the rule”, so no revision of stereotype is necessary.

177
Q

Subtyping prevents?

A

Prevents your stereotype/schema from being disconfirmed.

178
Q

What is realistic conflict theory

A

We are at competition for limited resources, competition can be real or imaged

179
Q

Realistic coinflict theory can predict why therre is more prejudice attitude during economic and political turmoil

A

t

180
Q

What are self fufiling prophecies?

A

People are unaware of the effects they are having on the behavior of other people (the 4th step of the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle), so we assume that their behavior is being caused by their personality.

181
Q

In word, zanna and coopers study what did they find?

Participants acted as interviewers of job candidates who were Black or White.

A

Found that interviewers sat farther from Black interviewees, stammered more, had shorter conversations.

Ended up rating the Black interviewees more poorly.

182
Q

What is the sterotypes threat?

A

Fear of confriming negative steriotyper

183
Q

What did steele and arrasons study find?

Gave Black and White college students items from the SAT test.

Half were told the test measured general intelligence.
Half were told it did not

A

stereotyoe relevant situation caused poor performance cause of nervous ness

184
Q

Solutions to prejudice?

A

Contact
Covert expressions of prejudice can be reduced by intergroup contact
Superordinate goals
Cooperating to achieve common goals is one powerful antidote to intergroup conflict
Jigsaw classroom: cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice by having students interact and cooperate to learn material

185
Q

What are incentive structures?

A

The pressure to publish to get positions, funding and data

186
Q

What are the three categories of scientific misconduct?

A

Fabrication, falsifgication, questionabe research practices

187
Q

What is scientific replication?

A

scientific misconduct is shown because scientific studies cannot be reproduced

188
Q

What is fabrication??

A

Making data up

189
Q

What is falsigication?

A

Distorting data

190
Q

What are questionable research practices?

A

cooking data, mining data, concealing conflicts of interest

191
Q

Decisions in design, analysis, and reporting that increase the likelihood of achieving a positive result
define what term?

A

QRP’S

192
Q

What are some examples of qrps

A

Lots of tiny samples (N = 20)
Measuring DV in multiple ways and then picking the one that works best
Peeking at data after you run a few participants
Dropping experimental manipulations that didn’t “work”
If you do this enough you can prove anything!

193
Q

Failed” studies don’t get published and are filed away from the public and scientific communities
defines what term?

A

File drawer problem

194
Q

How replicable are scientific experiements roughly?

A

about 36% replicatyed

195
Q

What are some solutions for researchers?

Increase disclosure in..?

____ ____ hypothesis and methods

share…?

Publisize ___

run studies with ?

A

methods results and huypothesis

pre register

data and materials with other researcher

findings regardless of resut

larger and more diverse sample

196
Q

Be an informed consumer of science
Don’t believe everything you read!
If an effect seems unbelievable, it just might be.
Pay attention to sample size
How big is the sample?
Effects are unreliable if sample size is too low, a 2,000 person study more reliable than a 50 person study relates to?

Is the study you are reading the only demonstration of this effect?
Have people from other labs replicated this?
Did the authors make their data available?
Advocate for good research so we can understand more about humans and why they do the things they do

A

howTo be an informed consumer of science

197
Q

What two vcu projects examine replicability issue from differen angles?

A

Many labs

qrp dissertation to pub study

198
Q

What is many labs?

A

Largwe scale direct replication study of 10 published psychological findings

199
Q

What is QR[P Dissertation ti pub study

A

Meta analusis of hypothesis dropping changing when publishing disserttion studies

200
Q

What is Many Labs 3?

A

ML3 is a part of a series of multi lab direct replication efforts

201
Q

what does direct replication help identitfy? 2 things

A

Accurate conditions under which certain psychological effects happen (e.g., culture, personality, environment)

True effect sizes (how strongly does X affect Y under certain conditions?)

202
Q

How many well cited research findings did Many Labs 3 review?

A

10

203
Q

How many iniversityies participated in ML3?

A

21

204
Q

How many stufdies replicated fully according to ML3?

A

5 out of 10

205
Q

Findings in many labs 3 suggest what?

A

Many findings should be taken with caution

206
Q

In relation to ml3 findings they also found there was no moderation around?

A

Semestyer time

207
Q

QRP’S ARE?

A

Questionable rrsearch practices

208
Q

What are two examples of qrps

A

fole drawer problem and harking

209
Q

Wha is harking

A

Hypothesiszing after results are known / removing unsupported hypothesis

210
Q

What does harking do?

A

Allows you to present the findings as if you predicted them from the start

211
Q

Why do scientist engage in qrp?

A

Institutional pressure

212
Q

Why is it difficult to observe harking and file drawer problem?

A

Becasuse the only focus is on publishe studies

213
Q

What is one way to address these problems?

A

pre registration of hypthesis before collecting data

214
Q

In relation to “Our dissertation to pub meta analysis” HOw many

  1. Dissertations did they analyze
  2. what were their two hypothesis?
A
  1. 98
  2. dissertations hypthesis that support results likely to be kept

and dissertation hypothesis that do not support results likely to be drippe

215
Q

In relation to “Our dissertation to pub meta analysis” What were the findings in relartion to the hypothesis?

A

hypothesis that were supported 1.5 times more likely to be ketpt

unspuportted 7.5 times more likely to be altered or reversed

216
Q

Part of ther reproducibility crisis is likely due to the supprerssion of?

A

Null results in scientific literature

217
Q

What was ms thomas’s main research question?

A

Ethnic racial identity, social transactions in the classroom, and academic outcomes

218
Q

In relation to ms thomas’s study what is the problem?

A

There is a persistet achievement gap

219
Q

In relation to ms thomas;s presentation, she found that literature was inconclusive on whether?

A

Ethynic racial identity had a postive, negative or no effect on acedimic outcoes

220
Q

When does development of ethnic racial identity begin?

A

Middle school

221
Q

What is centraility in relation to ms thomas’s study

A

Race is an important aspect of a persons identity

222
Q

What is Public regard in relation to ms thomas’s study?

A

Person feels others feel positively toward their group

223
Q

What is provate regard in relation to ethnic racial identity?

A

Person feels positive toward others in thei ethnic group and feels positivity to being apart of that group

224
Q

T o f, Observed differential treatment is related to lower performance?

A

t - deals with teachers

225
Q

In relation to teachers and students percieved ___ was negatively related to students graces

A

discrimination

226
Q

Postitive peer support is positively related to?

A

Ethnic identity

227
Q

Sane ethnic relationships are uniquely related to high?

A

Centraility

228
Q

In relation to ms thomas’s 1st research question “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence engagement and grades?” what ios her hypthesis?

A

Public regard and centrality will positively predict enagement and grades

229
Q

In relation to ms thomas 2nd research question “Do classroom relationships mediate associations between ethnic-racial identity and grades; additionally are there gender differences?
“ what are her 2 hyothesis?

A

For gir;s, pathway from ethic racial identity to academic outcomes is though friendships

for boys, relationship with teacher

230
Q

In relation to ms thomas’s study sample how many students and teachers did she interview

A

101 students

5 teachers

large caucasian sample

231
Q

What did ms thomas use to measure ethnic identity?

A

Multidimmensional inventory of black identity teen assesment

232
Q

What did ms thomas use to measure friendship quality?

A

Friendship quality questionaire

233
Q

What did ms thomas use to measure teacher student relationship

A

Teacher student relationship scale

234
Q

What did ms thomas use to measure academic outcomes?

A

Academic engagement

math and language arts grades were provded by school administrator

235
Q

In relation to ms thomas’s results what did she find in the cognitive engagement arena for her first research question, “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes”

A

Public regard positively predicted cognitive engagement

and public regard +centrality predicted positive engagement

236
Q

in relation to cognitive enagement and ms thomas’s 1st research uestion “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes” variuance in the model accounted for?

A

21%

237
Q

In relation to behavioral engagement and ms thomas’s 1st research uestion “Do different components of ethnic-racial identity influence academic outcomes” what dod she find?

A

Public regard positively predicted behavioral engagement

Centrality negatively predicted behavioral engagement

Public Regard x Gender and

Centrality x Gender predicted behavioral engagement

238
Q

What were some limitations of ms thoma’s study?

A

Teachers perceptions of student-teacher relationship
Path models constrained by sample size
Findings cannot be broadly generalized

239
Q

What are future directions for ms thoma’s study?

A

Student perception of relationship quality and discrimination
Further analyses of underlying factors related to boys’ centrality and behavioral engagement

240
Q

In relation to ms martelli’s study what is mindfulness

A

Paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the moment and non judgementally

241
Q

What is interpersonal emotion regulation

A

Relying on others to meet eotional needs

reasurance seeking

242
Q

What is reassuance seeking?

A

Maladaptive form of always needing reassurance from a partner

243
Q

What does ms martelli’s present study focus on?

A

whether mindfulness would predict indices of IER between romantic partners.

244
Q

What was ms martelli’s hypothesis?

A

We expected that mindfulness would promote more adaptive use of IER.

245
Q

Who were the participants is ms martelli’s study?

A

67 adult romantic couples completed dispositional mindfulness, dependence on one’s romantic partner for emotional support, and reassurane seeking

246
Q

What was ms martelli’s prediction about reassurance seeking?

A

): Dispositional mindfulness would predict less tendency to engage in reassurance seeking.

247
Q

What was ms martelli’s prediction about depndence on emotional support?

A

Mindfulness would predict more dependence on emotional support from their partner.

248
Q

What did ms martelli use to measure her study?

A

mindful attention awareness scale

249
Q

What is the reasurance seeking measure ms martelli used?

A

4-item scale assessing frequency of reassurance seeking rated on a 7-point Likert scale from “no, not at all” to “yes, very much”

250
Q

What is the emotional support measure ms martelli used ?

A

3-item subscale assessing dependence of romantic partner for emotional support rated on a 5-point Likert scale from “little or none” to “the most”

251
Q

Results suggest that more mindful individuals rely less on highly other-dependent forms of IER to regulate their own emotions, and at the same time, are depended on more to help regulate the emotions of romantic partners.
t o f?

A

t

Psych 321: Social Psych (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions