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Biopsychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

is the scientific study of the biology of behavior

A

biopsychology

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2
Q

takes a biological approach to the study of psychology

A

biopsychology

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3
Q

views psychological functioning as having roots in the physiology and chemistry of the brain

A

biopsychology

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4
Q

is a subdiscipline of neuroscience that draws together knowledge from the other neuroscientific disciplines and applies it to the study of behavior

A

biopsychology

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5
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to follow instructions
A

human subjects

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6
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to report their subjective experiences
A

human subjects

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7
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of often being cheaper
A

human subjects

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8
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of completely modelling the intricacies of human brain function
A

human subjects

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9
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of being simpler, and thus more likely to reveal fundamental brain-behavior interactions
A

non human subjects

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10
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of providing insights from a comparative approach
A

non human subjects

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11
Q
  • type of subjects that have the advantage of having fewer ethical restrictions
A

non human subjects

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12
Q
  • type of research design that is used by scientists to study causation - to find out what causes what
A

experimental design

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13
Q
  • with this type of research design the researcher assigns subjects to conditions, administers treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared
A

experimental design

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14
Q
  • with this type of research design, when done correctly, any differences in the dependent variable between conditions must have been caused by the independent variable
A

experimental design

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15
Q
  • with this type of research design it is critical that there be no differences between conditions other than the independent variable
A

experimental design

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16
Q
  • type of research design that includes quasiexperimental studies and case studies
A

non experimental design

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17
Q
  • type of research that is allowed to be conducted when physical or ethical impediments make it impossible to assign subjects to particular conditions or to administer the conditions once the subjects have been assigned to them
A

non experimental design

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18
Q
  • type of research design that allows the participants themselves to decide which group they would be in, and thus allow the possibility of pre-existing differences between groups
A

non experimental design

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19
Q
  • is the type of research motivated primarily by the curiosity of the researcher
A

pure research

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20
Q
  • is the type of research done solely for the purpose of acquiring knowledge for knowledge’s sake
A

pure research

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21
Q
  • is the type of research motivated primarily by the desire to bring about a direct benefit to humankind
A

applied research

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22
Q
  • is the type of research done solely for the purpose of developing some practical application
A

applied research

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23
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that directly manipulates the brain in controlled experiments
A

physiological psychology

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24
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that lesions or electrically stimulates the brains of laboratory animals
A

physiological psychology

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25
Q

is the division of biopsychology that studies the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior

A

psychopharmacology

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26
Q

is the division of biopsychology that experimentally manipulates neural activity and behavior with drugs

A

psychopharmacology

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27
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that studies the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients
A

neuropsychology

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28
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that studies patients with brain damage resulting from disease, accident, or neurosurgery
A

neuropsychology

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29
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects
A

psychophysiology

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30
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that records electrical brain wave patterns of humans through electrodes on the scalp
A

psychophysiology

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31
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that studies the neural bases of higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, and complex perceptual processes
A

cognitive neuroscience

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32
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that uses functional brain imaging techniques to study how the brain produces different aspects of thought
A

cognitive neuroscience

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33
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that compares the behavior of different species in order to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
A

comparative psychology

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34
Q
  • is the division of biopsychology that would study the behavior of genetically-modified mice
A

comparative psychology

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35
Q
  • is the brain imaging technique that uses a computer-assisted X-ray procedure to view the structure of the brain
A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

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36
Q
  • the brain imaging technique that provides less clear images of brain structure than does MRI and does not provide images of brain activity
A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

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37
Q
  • is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the structure of the brain
A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

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38
Q
  • the brain imaging technique that provides more clear images of brain structure than does CT and does not provide images of brain activity
A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

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39
Q
  • is the brain imaging technique that uses radioactive 2-deoxyglucose to view the activity levels of the brain
A

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)

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40
Q
  • the brain imaging technique that provides images of brain activity but not images of brain structure
A

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)

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41
Q
  • is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the activity levels of the brain
A

FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)

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42
Q
  • is the brain imaging technique that produces images representing the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain
A

FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)

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43
Q
  • the brain imaging technique that provides images of both brain activity and brain structure
A

FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)

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44
Q
  • is the trait that Mendel observed in all of the first-generation offspring when he cross bred true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
A

dominant trait

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45
Q
  • is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
A

dominant trait

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46
Q
  • is the trait that Mendel observed in about one-quarter of the second-generation offspring from cross breeding true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
A

recessive trait

47
Q
  • is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is NOT expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
A

recessive trait

48
Q
  • are an organism’s observable traits
A

phenotype

49
Q

are the traits that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material

A

genotype

50
Q
  • is an inherited factor
A

gene

51
Q
  • in Mendel’s experiments, the inherited seed color would be an example of this
A

gene

52
Q
  • is situated in the same location on each of the chromosomes in a particular pair and that controls a specific trait
A

gene

53
Q
  • humans have about 20,000 of these
A

gene

54
Q
  • has protein-encoding (i.e., structural) versions, which constitute only about 2% of human DNA
A

gene

55
Q
  • is one of the two genes that control different versions of the same trait
A

allele

56
Q
  • for each dichotomous trait, is what each organism randomly inherits one of from two of its father’s genes and one of from two of its mother’s genes
A

allele

57
Q
  • is a threadlike structure in the cell nucleus that contains genes
A

chromosome

58
Q
  • humans have 23 pairs of this in almost all of their body cells
A

chromosome

59
Q
  • is composed of two complementary strands of DNA
A

chromosome

60
Q

is a fertilized egg cell

A

zygote

61
Q

is the immediate result of a sperm cell and an egg cell combining during fertilization

A

zygote

62
Q
  • is a group of three consecutive nucleotide bases on a DNA or messenger RNA strand
A

codon

63
Q
  • specifies the particular amino acid that is to be added to an amino acid chain during protein synthesis
A

codon

64
Q
  • type of mechanism that can influence the expression of genes without changing the genes themselves
A

epigenetic

65
Q
  • the study of this type of mechanisms has recently shown rapid growth as a result of the discovery that genes compose only 2% of human DNA
A

epigenetic

66
Q
  • type of mechanisms that are assumed to be the means by which a small number of genes are able to orchestrate the development of humans in all their complexity
A

epigenetic

67
Q

is also known as an identitical twin

A

monozygotic twin

68
Q
  • type of twin that develops from the same zygote as its twin sibling
A

monozygotic twin

69
Q
  • type of twin that is genetically identical to its twin sibling
A

monozygotic twin

70
Q
  • is also known as a fraternal twin
A

dizygotic twin

71
Q
  • type of twin that develops from a different zygote than its twin sibling
A

dizygotic twin

72
Q
  • type of twin that is no more genetically similar to its twin sibling than it would be to a non-twin sibling
A

dizygotic twin

73
Q
  • is a numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurs in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation in that study
A

heritability estimate

74
Q
  • tells us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the subjects in a study
A

heritability estimate

75
Q
  • depends on the amount of genetic and environmental variation from which it was calculated
A

heritability estimate

76
Q
  • Turkheimer et al. (2003) found this was low for IQ from twins whose families were very poor but high for IQ from twins whose families were rich
A

heritability estimate

77
Q

is a cell found in the nervous system that is specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

A

neuron

78
Q

is a short process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, that receives synaptic contacts from other neurons

A

dendrite

79
Q

is a long, narrow process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, the end of which releases chemicals into a synapse

A

axon

80
Q

is a gap between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

A

synapse

81
Q

is a cell found in the nervous system that helps support, protect, and nourish neurons

A

glial cell

82
Q

type of cell that is most numerous in the nervous system

A

glial cell

83
Q

is a fatty insulating substance that wraps around axons

A

myelin

84
Q

increases the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

A

myelin

85
Q

is produced by two types of glia: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system

A

myelin

86
Q

is a steady membrane potential of about -70 mV

A

resting potential

87
Q
  • is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest
A

resting potential

88
Q

occurs when the neuron is in a state where there are more sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell than inside, and more potassium (K+) ions inside than outside

A

resting potential

89
Q
  • would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -67 mV
A

depolarization

90
Q
  • is a decrease in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
A

depolarization

91
Q
  • type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential because it increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
A

depolarization

92
Q
  • would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -72 mV
A

hyperpolarization

93
Q
  • is an increase in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
A

hyperpolarization

94
Q
  • type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential because it decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
A

hyperpolarization

95
Q
  • is the cut-off amount of stimulation required in order to make a neuron fire
A

threshold of excitation

96
Q
  • is the level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV
A

threshold of excitation

97
Q
  • is the firing of a neuron
A

action potential

98
Q
  • is a massive but momentary reversal of the membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV
A

action potential

99
Q
  • is unlike a postsynaptic potential in that it is not a graded response; its magnitude is not related in any way to the intensity of the stimulus that elicited it
A

action potential

100
Q
  • is an all-or-none response; that is, it either occurs to its full extent or does not occur at all
A

action potential

101
Q
  • occurs when there is a large influx of sodium (Na+) ions into the neuron due to the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels
A

action potential

102
Q
  • is actively conducted along an axon in a nondecremental fashion; it does not grow weaker as it travels along the axonal membrane due to the opening of adjacent voltage-activated sodium channels
A

action potential

103
Q
  • is the integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neuron’s membrane
A

spatial summation

104
Q
  • is the adding together in the axon of all excitatory and inhibitory potentials produced at different sites on the neuron’s membrane, in order decide whether to fire or not to fire on the basis of their sum
A

spatial summation

105
Q
  • is the integration of signals that occur at different times at the same synapse
A

temporal summation

106
Q
  • results when a particular synapse is activated and then activated again before the original postsynaptic potential has completely dissipated, thus causing the effect of the second stimulus to be superimposed on the lingering postsynaptic potential produced by the first
A

temporal summation

107
Q
  • allows a brief subthreshold excitatory stimulus to fire a neuron if it is administered twice in rapid succession
A

temporal summation

108
Q
  • is the time immediately after an action potential when the neuron is unable to fire again
A

absolute refractory period

109
Q
  • is the brief period after an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
A

absolute refractory period

110
Q
  • is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which potassium (K+) ions are driven out of the cell and the voltage-activated sodium channels are actively closed
A

absolute refractory period

111
Q
  • is the time immediately after an action potential when it is difficult, but nevertheless possible, for the neuron to fire
A

relative refractory period

112
Q
  • is the period of time after the absolute refractory period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
A

relative refractory period

113
Q
  • is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which voltage-activated sodium channels can possibly be opened again
A

relative refractory period

Biopsychology (14 decks)

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