Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
is the scientific study of the biology of behavior
A
biopsychology
2
Q
takes a biological approach to the study of psychology
A
biopsychology
3
Q
views psychological functioning as having roots in the physiology and chemistry of the brain
A
biopsychology
4
Q
is a subdiscipline of neuroscience that draws together knowledge from the other neuroscientific disciplines and applies it to the study of behavior
A
biopsychology
5
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to follow instructions
A
human subjects
6
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to report their subjective experiences
A
human subjects
7
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of often being cheaper
A
human subjects
8
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of completely modelling the intricacies of human brain function
A
human subjects
9
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being simpler, and thus more likely to reveal fundamental brain-behavior interactions
A
non human subjects
10
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of providing insights from a comparative approach
A
non human subjects
11
Q
- type of subjects that have the advantage of having fewer ethical restrictions
A
non human subjects
12
Q
- type of research design that is used by scientists to study causation - to find out what causes what
A
experimental design
13
Q
- with this type of research design the researcher assigns subjects to conditions, administers treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared
A
experimental design
14
Q
- with this type of research design, when done correctly, any differences in the dependent variable between conditions must have been caused by the independent variable
A
experimental design
15
Q
- with this type of research design it is critical that there be no differences between conditions other than the independent variable
A
experimental design
16
Q
- type of research design that includes quasiexperimental studies and case studies
A
non experimental design
17
Q
- type of research that is allowed to be conducted when physical or ethical impediments make it impossible to assign subjects to particular conditions or to administer the conditions once the subjects have been assigned to them
A
non experimental design
18
Q
- type of research design that allows the participants themselves to decide which group they would be in, and thus allow the possibility of pre-existing differences between groups
A
non experimental design
19
Q
- is the type of research motivated primarily by the curiosity of the researcher
A
pure research
20
Q
- is the type of research done solely for the purpose of acquiring knowledge for knowledge’s sake
A
pure research
21
Q
- is the type of research motivated primarily by the desire to bring about a direct benefit to humankind
A
applied research
22
Q
- is the type of research done solely for the purpose of developing some practical application
A
applied research
23
Q
- is the division of biopsychology that directly manipulates the brain in controlled experiments
A
physiological psychology
24
Q
- is the division of biopsychology that lesions or electrically stimulates the brains of laboratory animals
A
physiological psychology
25
is the division of biopsychology that studies the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior
psychopharmacology
26
is the division of biopsychology that experimentally manipulates neural activity and behavior with drugs
psychopharmacology
27
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients
neuropsychology
28
- is the division of biopsychology that studies patients with brain damage resulting from disease, accident, or neurosurgery
neuropsychology
29
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects
psychophysiology
30
- is the division of biopsychology that records electrical brain wave patterns of humans through electrodes on the scalp
psychophysiology
31
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the neural bases of higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, and complex perceptual processes
cognitive neuroscience
32
- is the division of biopsychology that uses functional brain imaging techniques to study how the brain produces different aspects of thought
cognitive neuroscience
33
- is the division of biopsychology that compares the behavior of different species in order to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
comparative psychology
34
- is the division of biopsychology that would study the behavior of genetically-modified mice
comparative psychology
35
- is the brain imaging technique that uses a computer-assisted X-ray procedure to view the structure of the brain
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
36
- the brain imaging technique that provides less clear images of brain structure than does MRI and does not provide images of brain activity
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
37
- is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the structure of the brain
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
38
- the brain imaging technique that provides more clear images of brain structure than does CT and does not provide images of brain activity
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
39
- is the brain imaging technique that uses radioactive 2-deoxyglucose to view the activity levels of the brain
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
40
- the brain imaging technique that provides images of brain activity but not images of brain structure
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
41
- is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the activity levels of the brain
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
42
- is the brain imaging technique that produces images representing the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
43
- the brain imaging technique that provides images of both brain activity and brain structure
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
44
- is the trait that Mendel observed in all of the first-generation offspring when he cross bred true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
dominant trait
45
- is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
dominant trait
46
- is the trait that Mendel observed in about one-quarter of the second-generation offspring from cross breeding true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
recessive trait
47
- is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is NOT expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
recessive trait
48
- are an organism's observable traits
phenotype
49
are the traits that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material
genotype
50
- is an inherited factor
gene
51
- in Mendel's experiments, the inherited seed color would be an example of this
gene
52
- is situated in the same location on each of the chromosomes in a particular pair and that controls a specific trait
gene
53
- humans have about 20,000 of these
gene
54
- has protein-encoding (i.e., structural) versions, which constitute only about 2% of human DNA
gene
55
- is one of the two genes that control different versions of the same trait
allele
56
- for each dichotomous trait, is what each organism randomly inherits one of from two of its father's genes and one of from two of its mother's genes
allele
57
- is a threadlike structure in the cell nucleus that contains genes
chromosome
58
- humans have 23 pairs of this in almost all of their body cells
chromosome
59
- is composed of two complementary strands of DNA
chromosome
60
is a fertilized egg cell
zygote
61
is the immediate result of a sperm cell and an egg cell combining during fertilization
zygote
62
- is a group of three consecutive nucleotide bases on a DNA or messenger RNA strand
codon
63
- specifies the particular amino acid that is to be added to an amino acid chain during protein synthesis
codon
64
- type of mechanism that can influence the expression of genes without changing the genes themselves
epigenetic
65
- the study of this type of mechanisms has recently shown rapid growth as a result of the discovery that genes compose only 2% of human DNA
epigenetic
66
- type of mechanisms that are assumed to be the means by which a small number of genes are able to orchestrate the development of humans in all their complexity
epigenetic
67
is also known as an identitical twin
monozygotic twin
68
- type of twin that develops from the same zygote as its twin sibling
monozygotic twin
69
- type of twin that is genetically identical to its twin sibling
monozygotic twin
70
- is also known as a fraternal twin
dizygotic twin
71
- type of twin that develops from a different zygote than its twin sibling
dizygotic twin
72
- type of twin that is no more genetically similar to its twin sibling than it would be to a non-twin sibling
dizygotic twin
73
- is a numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurs in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation in that study
heritability estimate
74
- tells us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the subjects in a study
heritability estimate
75
- depends on the amount of genetic and environmental variation from which it was calculated
heritability estimate
76
- Turkheimer et al. (2003) found this was low for IQ from twins whose families were very poor but high for IQ from twins whose families were rich
heritability estimate
77
is a cell found in the nervous system that is specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
neuron
78
is a short process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, that receives synaptic contacts from other neurons
dendrite
79
is a long, narrow process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, the end of which releases chemicals into a synapse
axon
80
is a gap between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
synapse
81
is a cell found in the nervous system that helps support, protect, and nourish neurons
glial cell
82
type of cell that is most numerous in the nervous system
glial cell
83
is a fatty insulating substance that wraps around axons
myelin
84
increases the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
myelin
85
is produced by two types of glia: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system
myelin
86
is a steady membrane potential of about -70 mV
resting potential
87
- is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest
resting potential
88
occurs when the neuron is in a state where there are more sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell than inside, and more potassium (K+) ions inside than outside
resting potential
89
- would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -67 mV
depolarization
90
- is a decrease in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
depolarization
91
- type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential because it increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
depolarization
92
- would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -72 mV
hyperpolarization
93
- is an increase in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
hyperpolarization
94
- type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential because it decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
hyperpolarization
95
- is the cut-off amount of stimulation required in order to make a neuron fire
threshold of excitation
96
- is the level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV
threshold of excitation
97
- is the firing of a neuron
action potential
98
- is a massive but momentary reversal of the membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV
action potential
99
- is unlike a postsynaptic potential in that it is not a graded response; its magnitude is not related in any way to the intensity of the stimulus that elicited it
action potential
100
- is an all-or-none response; that is, it either occurs to its full extent or does not occur at all
action potential
101
- occurs when there is a large influx of sodium (Na+) ions into the neuron due to the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels
action potential
102
- is actively conducted along an axon in a nondecremental fashion; it does not grow weaker as it travels along the axonal membrane due to the opening of adjacent voltage-activated sodium channels
action potential
103
- is the integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neuron's membrane
spatial summation
104
- is the adding together in the axon of all excitatory and inhibitory potentials produced at different sites on the neuron's membrane, in order decide whether to fire or not to fire on the basis of their sum
spatial summation
105
- is the integration of signals that occur at different times at the same synapse
temporal summation
106
- results when a particular synapse is activated and then activated again before the original postsynaptic potential has completely dissipated, thus causing the effect of the second stimulus to be superimposed on the lingering postsynaptic potential produced by the first
temporal summation
107
- allows a brief subthreshold excitatory stimulus to fire a neuron if it is administered twice in rapid succession
temporal summation
108
- is the time immediately after an action potential when the neuron is unable to fire again
absolute refractory period
109
- is the brief period after an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
absolute refractory period
110
- is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which potassium (K+) ions are driven out of the cell and the voltage-activated sodium channels are actively closed
absolute refractory period
111
- is the time immediately after an action potential when it is difficult, but nevertheless possible, for the neuron to fire
relative refractory period
112
- is the period of time after the absolute refractory period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
relative refractory period
113
- is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which voltage-activated sodium channels can possibly be opened again
relative refractory period
