Test 1 Flashcards
is the scientific study of the biology of behavior
biopsychology
takes a biological approach to the study of psychology
biopsychology
views psychological functioning as having roots in the physiology and chemistry of the brain
biopsychology
is a subdiscipline of neuroscience that draws together knowledge from the other neuroscientific disciplines and applies it to the study of behavior
biopsychology
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to follow instructions
human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being able to report their subjective experiences
human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of often being cheaper
human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of completely modelling the intricacies of human brain function
human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of being simpler, and thus more likely to reveal fundamental brain-behavior interactions
non human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of providing insights from a comparative approach
non human subjects
- type of subjects that have the advantage of having fewer ethical restrictions
non human subjects
- type of research design that is used by scientists to study causation - to find out what causes what
experimental design
- with this type of research design the researcher assigns subjects to conditions, administers treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared
experimental design
- with this type of research design, when done correctly, any differences in the dependent variable between conditions must have been caused by the independent variable
experimental design
- with this type of research design it is critical that there be no differences between conditions other than the independent variable
experimental design
- type of research design that includes quasiexperimental studies and case studies
non experimental design
- type of research that is allowed to be conducted when physical or ethical impediments make it impossible to assign subjects to particular conditions or to administer the conditions once the subjects have been assigned to them
non experimental design
- type of research design that allows the participants themselves to decide which group they would be in, and thus allow the possibility of pre-existing differences between groups
non experimental design
- is the type of research motivated primarily by the curiosity of the researcher
pure research
- is the type of research done solely for the purpose of acquiring knowledge for knowledge’s sake
pure research
- is the type of research motivated primarily by the desire to bring about a direct benefit to humankind
applied research
- is the type of research done solely for the purpose of developing some practical application
applied research
- is the division of biopsychology that directly manipulates the brain in controlled experiments
physiological psychology
- is the division of biopsychology that lesions or electrically stimulates the brains of laboratory animals
physiological psychology
is the division of biopsychology that studies the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior
psychopharmacology
is the division of biopsychology that experimentally manipulates neural activity and behavior with drugs
psychopharmacology
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients
neuropsychology
- is the division of biopsychology that studies patients with brain damage resulting from disease, accident, or neurosurgery
neuropsychology
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects
psychophysiology
- is the division of biopsychology that records electrical brain wave patterns of humans through electrodes on the scalp
psychophysiology
- is the division of biopsychology that studies the neural bases of higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, and complex perceptual processes
cognitive neuroscience
- is the division of biopsychology that uses functional brain imaging techniques to study how the brain produces different aspects of thought
cognitive neuroscience
- is the division of biopsychology that compares the behavior of different species in order to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
comparative psychology
- is the division of biopsychology that would study the behavior of genetically-modified mice
comparative psychology
- is the brain imaging technique that uses a computer-assisted X-ray procedure to view the structure of the brain
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
- the brain imaging technique that provides less clear images of brain structure than does MRI and does not provide images of brain activity
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
- is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the structure of the brain
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
- the brain imaging technique that provides more clear images of brain structure than does CT and does not provide images of brain activity
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
- is the brain imaging technique that uses radioactive 2-deoxyglucose to view the activity levels of the brain
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
- the brain imaging technique that provides images of brain activity but not images of brain structure
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
- is the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to view the activity levels of the brain
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
- is the brain imaging technique that produces images representing the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
- the brain imaging technique that provides images of both brain activity and brain structure
FUNCTIONAL MRI (FMRI)
- is the trait that Mendel observed in all of the first-generation offspring when he cross bred true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
dominant trait
- is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
dominant trait
- is the trait that Mendel observed in about one-quarter of the second-generation offspring from cross breeding true-breeding brown-seed pea plants with true-breeding white-seed pea plants
recessive trait
- is the trait of a dichotomous pair that is NOT expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals
recessive trait
- are an organism’s observable traits
phenotype
are the traits that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material
genotype
- is an inherited factor
gene
- in Mendel’s experiments, the inherited seed color would be an example of this
gene
- is situated in the same location on each of the chromosomes in a particular pair and that controls a specific trait
gene
- humans have about 20,000 of these
gene
- has protein-encoding (i.e., structural) versions, which constitute only about 2% of human DNA
gene
- is one of the two genes that control different versions of the same trait
allele
- for each dichotomous trait, is what each organism randomly inherits one of from two of its father’s genes and one of from two of its mother’s genes
allele
- is a threadlike structure in the cell nucleus that contains genes
chromosome
- humans have 23 pairs of this in almost all of their body cells
chromosome
- is composed of two complementary strands of DNA
chromosome
is a fertilized egg cell
zygote
is the immediate result of a sperm cell and an egg cell combining during fertilization
zygote
- is a group of three consecutive nucleotide bases on a DNA or messenger RNA strand
codon
- specifies the particular amino acid that is to be added to an amino acid chain during protein synthesis
codon
- type of mechanism that can influence the expression of genes without changing the genes themselves
epigenetic
- the study of this type of mechanisms has recently shown rapid growth as a result of the discovery that genes compose only 2% of human DNA
epigenetic
- type of mechanisms that are assumed to be the means by which a small number of genes are able to orchestrate the development of humans in all their complexity
epigenetic
is also known as an identitical twin
monozygotic twin
- type of twin that develops from the same zygote as its twin sibling
monozygotic twin
- type of twin that is genetically identical to its twin sibling
monozygotic twin
- is also known as a fraternal twin
dizygotic twin
- type of twin that develops from a different zygote than its twin sibling
dizygotic twin
- type of twin that is no more genetically similar to its twin sibling than it would be to a non-twin sibling
dizygotic twin
- is a numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurs in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation in that study
heritability estimate
- tells us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the subjects in a study
heritability estimate
- depends on the amount of genetic and environmental variation from which it was calculated
heritability estimate
- Turkheimer et al. (2003) found this was low for IQ from twins whose families were very poor but high for IQ from twins whose families were rich
heritability estimate
is a cell found in the nervous system that is specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
neuron
is a short process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, that receives synaptic contacts from other neurons
dendrite
is a long, narrow process (projection) emanating from a neuron cell body, the end of which releases chemicals into a synapse
axon
is a gap between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
synapse
is a cell found in the nervous system that helps support, protect, and nourish neurons
glial cell
type of cell that is most numerous in the nervous system
glial cell
is a fatty insulating substance that wraps around axons
myelin
increases the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
myelin
is produced by two types of glia: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system
myelin
is a steady membrane potential of about -70 mV
resting potential
- is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest
resting potential
occurs when the neuron is in a state where there are more sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell than inside, and more potassium (K+) ions inside than outside
resting potential
- would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -67 mV
depolarization
- is a decrease in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
depolarization
- type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential because it increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
depolarization
- would be a shift in the membrane potential from -70 mV to -72 mV
hyperpolarization
- is an increase in the negativity of a neuron at resting membrane potential
hyperpolarization
- type of postsynaptic potential that is also known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential because it decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
hyperpolarization
- is the cut-off amount of stimulation required in order to make a neuron fire
threshold of excitation
- is the level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV
threshold of excitation
- is the firing of a neuron
action potential
- is a massive but momentary reversal of the membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV
action potential
- is unlike a postsynaptic potential in that it is not a graded response; its magnitude is not related in any way to the intensity of the stimulus that elicited it
action potential
- is an all-or-none response; that is, it either occurs to its full extent or does not occur at all
action potential
- occurs when there is a large influx of sodium (Na+) ions into the neuron due to the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels
action potential
- is actively conducted along an axon in a nondecremental fashion; it does not grow weaker as it travels along the axonal membrane due to the opening of adjacent voltage-activated sodium channels
action potential
- is the integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neuron’s membrane
spatial summation
- is the adding together in the axon of all excitatory and inhibitory potentials produced at different sites on the neuron’s membrane, in order decide whether to fire or not to fire on the basis of their sum
spatial summation
- is the integration of signals that occur at different times at the same synapse
temporal summation
- results when a particular synapse is activated and then activated again before the original postsynaptic potential has completely dissipated, thus causing the effect of the second stimulus to be superimposed on the lingering postsynaptic potential produced by the first
temporal summation
- allows a brief subthreshold excitatory stimulus to fire a neuron if it is administered twice in rapid succession
temporal summation
- is the time immediately after an action potential when the neuron is unable to fire again
absolute refractory period
- is the brief period after an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron
absolute refractory period
- is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which potassium (K+) ions are driven out of the cell and the voltage-activated sodium channels are actively closed
absolute refractory period
- is the time immediately after an action potential when it is difficult, but nevertheless possible, for the neuron to fire
relative refractory period
- is the period of time after the absolute refractory period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire
relative refractory period
- is the hyperpolarized state seen after an action potential during which voltage-activated sodium channels can possibly be opened again
relative refractory period