PNS & Brainstem Flashcards
is the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine
Central Nervous System (CNS)
is the division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate nervous system, other than the peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
is the division of the nervous system that is located outside the skull and spine
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
is the division of the nervous system composed of all of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate nervous system, other than the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
is the division of the nervous system that is composed of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
is the division of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment
somatic nervous system
is the division of the peripheral nervous system that includes afferent nerves which carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, and ears to the central nervous system
somatic nervous system
is the division of the peripheral nervous system that includes efferent nerves which carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
is one of the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system, other than the autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
- is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment
autonomic nervous system
- is the division of the peripheral nervous system that includes afferent nerves which carry sensory signals from internal organs to the central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
- is the division of the peripheral nervous system that includes efferent nerves which carry motor signals from the central nervous system to internal organs
autonomic nervous system
- is one of the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system, other than the somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
- is the division of the peripheral nervous system that includes the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
- is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, other than the parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
- is the division of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates, organizes, and mobilizes energy resources in threatening situations
sympathetic nervous system
- division of the autonomic nervous system that produces a series of changes in the body called the “fight-or-flight response”
sympathetic nervous system
- division of the autonomic nervous system that causes blood to be directed away from the digestive system to the arms and legs, the pupils to dilate, and the heart and breathing to increase
sympathetic nervous system
- is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, other than the sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
- is the division of the autonomic nervous system that acts to conserve energy
parasympathetic nervous system
- division of the autonomic nervous system that generally keeps the internal functioning of the body running smoothly, in a “rest-and-digest” mode of operation
parasympathetic nervous system
- anatomical direction that means toward the nose end
anterior
- anatomical direction in the head that is towards the face end
anterior
- anatomical direction in the body that is towards the head end
anterior
- anatomical direction that means toward the tail end
posterior
- anatomical direction in the head that is towards the back of the head
posterior
- anatomical direction in the body that is towards the rear end
posterior
- anatomical direction in the body that is towards the surface of the back
dorsal
- anatomical direction in the head that is towards the top of the head
dorsal
- anatomical direction in the body that is towards the surface of the chest
ventral
- anatomical direction in the head that is towards the bottom of the head
ventral
anatomical direction that means toward the midline of the body
medial
anatomical direction that means away from the midline of the body toward the body’s lateral surfaces
lateral
- hindbrain structure that is located at the base of the brain, where the spinal cord arises
medulla
- hindbrain structure that consists of numerous nuclei that act as control centers for the autonomic nervous system
medulla
- the proper functioning of the autonomic nervous system depends on the general level of arousal of this hindbrain structure
medulla
- hindbrain structure that has control centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, muscle tone, and even reflexes such as vomiting
medulla
pons
pons
medulla
medulla
cerebellum
cerebellum
midbrain
midbrain
reticular formation
- is a complex network of nuclei that occupies the central core of the brainstem from the posterior boundary of the medulla to the anterior boundary of the midbrain
reticular formation
- is a brain structure sometimes referred to as an activating system because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal
reticular formation
- brain structure that, when damaged, will cause the organism to fall into a coma
reticular formation
- hindbrain structure that is a large bulbous structure located above the medulla
pons
- hindbrain structure that contains nuclei that play a role in sleep and arousal
pons
- hindbrain structure that contains the locus coeruleus - a group of neurons that are the primary source of norepinephrine for the brain
pons
- hindbrain structure that contains the raphe nuclei
pons
– a group of neurons that are the primary source of serotonin for the brain
pons
- hindbrain structure that is located at the back of the brainstem
cerebellum
- hindbrain structure that functions primarily as a component of the brain’s extensive motor system by integrating, coordinating, and refining actions into fluid movements
cerebellum
- damage to this brain structure eliminates the ability to precisely control one’s movements and to adapt them to changing conditions
cerebellum
- division of the brain that contains two further divisions: the tectum and the tegmentum
midbrain
- division of the brain that contains structures such as the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area
midbrain
- midbrain structure that has a visual-motor function
superior colliculus
- midbrain structure that specifically functions to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli
superior colliculus
- midbrain structure that is involved in pain sensation and in defensive behavior
pariaqueductal gray (PAG)
- stimulation of opioid receptors in this midbrain structure causes an immediate loss of pain sensation (analgesia)
pariaqueductal gray (PAG)
- midbrain structure that contains a punishment system, where electrical stimulation appears to have a punishing effect on the organism
pariaqueductal gray (PAG)
- midbrain structure that is a motor area of the brain which is highly interconnected with another motor region: the basal ganglia
substantia nigra
- midbrain structure that contains cells that produce dopamine and whose degeneration is associated with Parkinson’s disease
substantia nigra
- midbrain structure that is a vital component of the brain’s reward circuit and is the site of origin of the mesolimbic pathway
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
- midbrain structure that contains dopamine-producing neurons that project to and release dopamine in multiple regions of the brain, such as the limbic system and prefrontal cortex
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
mid brain structures
periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, superior colliculus and the ventral tegmental area
hindbrain structures
medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation
