Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology Flashcards
is a chemical released by the presynaptic terminal button in response to an action potential
Neurotransmitter
briefly binds to a specialized protein called a receptor that is located on the postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter
attaches to a receptor like a key fitting into a lock
Neurotransmitter
has criteria including the following: its synthesis is within a neuron, it is released in response to a neuronal depolarization, and it binds to a postsynaptic receptor
Neurotransmitter
the following are examples of this: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, endocannibinoid, and endogenous opioid
Neurotransmitter
type of receptor that, when stimulated, immediately opens an ion channel
Ionotropic receptor
type of receptor that is associated with a ligand-activated ion channel
Ionotropic receptor
type of receptor that, when stimulated, does not immediately open an ion channel
Metabotropic receptor
type of receptor that is associated with signal proteins and G proteins
Metabotropic receptor
is the drawing back, into the presynaptic button, neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse
Reuptake
is the more common of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters
reuptake
is the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes
enzymatic degradation
is the less common of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters
enzymatic degradation
is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
glutamate
is one of the amino acid neurotransmitters that is common in the proteins we consume
glutamate
overstimulation by this neurotransmitter can be toxic, causing cell death
glutamate
is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
neurotransmitter that is synthesized by a simple modification of the structure of glutamate
GABA
neurotransmitter that alcohol acts primarily as an agonist of in the brain so that at moderate doses it causes cognitive, perceptual, verbal, and motor impairments, even though at low doses it can facilitate social interaction
GABA
an excessive decrease in this neurotransmitter can result in convulsions and possibly death
GABA
agonists of this neurotransmitter are used to treat seizures and other disorders such as anxiety and insomnia
GABA
neurotransmitter that naturally converts into norepinephrine
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the pathology of both Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the control of motor movement and in motivational aspects of drug use
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that naturally converts directly into epinephrine
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter that is also known as noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
dysfunction of this neurotransmitter system is associated with attention-deficit disorder
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in maintaining vigilance and arousal
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter that is naturally converted directly from norepinephrine
Epinephrine
neurotransmitter that is also known as adrenaline
Epinephrine
neurotransmitter that is used by the autonomic nervous system to produce a series of changes in the body called the ‘fight-or-flight response’, such as increased heart rate
Epinephrine
neurotransmitter is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT
Serotonin
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the sleep-wake cycle and mood
Serotonin
neurotransmitter receptor that antidepressants (such as tricyclics and SSRIs) act primarily as agonists of in the brain to produce antidepressant effects
Serotonin
neurotransmitter that is released from cholinergic neurons
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles when naturally released at neuromuscular junctions
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that plays an important role in REM sleep, cortical activation, and learning/memory
Acetylcholine
dysfunction of this neurotransmitter system is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, a form of dementia characterized by severe deficits in learning and memory
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that tobacco acts primarily as an agonist of in the brain to make people feel more alert and less hungry while under its influence
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that is used by the autonomic nervous system to produce a series of changes in the body that could be called the ‘rest-and-digest response’, such as decreased heart rate
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that is similar to the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana
Endocannabinoid
neurotransmitter that tends to have most of its effects on presynaptic neurons, inhibiting subsequent synaptic transmission
Endocannabinoid
activation of this neurotransmitter’s receptors causes sedation, stimulates appetite, and impairs concentration and memory
Endocannabinoid
agonists of this neurotransmitter, at usual social doses, produce a sense of well-being, hilarity, carefree relaxation, altered perception, increased hunger, and subtle changes in thought
Endocannabinoid
agonists of this neurotransmitter, while producing pleasurable effects, have a low addiction potential and rarely produce obvious withdrawal symptoms
Endocannabinoid
neurotransmitter that is similar to the main psychoactive ingredient of opium
Endogenous Opioid
neurotransmitter that includes endorphins, the name of which is a contraction of ‘endogenous morphine‘
Endogenous Opioid
agonists of this neurotransmitter bind specifically to endorphin and enkephalin receptors in order to cause analgesia and feelings of euphoria
Endogenous Opioid
agonists of this neurotransmitter produce withdrawal symptoms that include chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle pains
Endogenous Opioid
agonists of this neurotransmitter produce withdrawal symptoms that include chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle pains
Endogenous Opioid
type of drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
Agonist
type of drug that increases the amount of a particular neurotransmitter, either by increasing its synthesis or by destroying its degrading enzymes
Agonist
type of drug that increases the release of a particular neurotransmitter from terminal buttons
Agonist
type of drug that binds to autoreceptors and blocks their inhibitory effect on a particular neurotransmitter’s release
Agonist
type of drug that binds to postsynaptic receptors and either activates them or increases the effect on them of a particular neurotransmitter
Agonist
type of drug that blocks the deactivation of a particular neurotransmitter by blocking degradation or reuptake
Agonist
type of drug that impedes the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
Antagonist
type of drug that decreases the amount of a particular neurotransmitter, either by blocking its synthesis or by causing it to leak from vesicles and get destroyed by degrading enzymes
Antagonist
type of drug that blocks the release of a particular neurotransmitter from terminal buttons
Antagonist
type of drug that binds to autoreceptors and inhibits a particular neurotransmitter’s release
Antagonist
type of drug that binds to postsynaptic receptors and blocks the effect on them of a particular neurotransmitter
Antagonist