Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology

Question 1

is a chemical released by the presynaptic terminal button in response to an action potential

Answer 1

Neurotransmitter

Question 2

briefly binds to a specialized protein called a receptor that is located on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 2

Neurotransmitter

Question 3

attaches to a receptor like a key fitting into a lock

Answer 3

Neurotransmitter

Question 4

has criteria including the following: its synthesis is within a neuron, it is released in response to a neuronal depolarization, and it binds to a postsynaptic receptor

Answer 4

Neurotransmitter

Question 5

the following are examples of this: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, endocannibinoid, and endogenous opioid

Answer 5

Neurotransmitter

Question 6

type of receptor that, when stimulated, immediately opens an ion channel

Answer 6

Ionotropic receptor

Question 7

type of receptor that is associated with a ligand-activated ion channel

Answer 7

Ionotropic receptor

Question 8

type of receptor that, when stimulated, does not immediately open an ion channel

Answer 8

Metabotropic receptor

Question 9

type of receptor that is associated with signal proteins and G proteins

Answer 9

Metabotropic receptor

Question 10

is the drawing back, into the presynaptic button, neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse

Answer 10

Reuptake

Question 11

is the more common of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters

Answer 11

reuptake

Question 12

is the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes

Answer 12

enzymatic degradation

Question 13

is the less common of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters

Answer 13

enzymatic degradation

Question 14

is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 14

glutamate

Question 15

is one of the amino acid neurotransmitters that is common in the proteins we consume

Answer 15

glutamate

Question 16

overstimulation by this neurotransmitter can be toxic, causing cell death

Answer 16

glutamate

Question 17

is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

neurotransmitter that is synthesized by a simple modification of the structure of glutamate

Answer 18

GABA

Question 19

neurotransmitter that alcohol acts primarily as an agonist of in the brain so that at moderate doses it causes cognitive, perceptual, verbal, and motor impairments, even though at low doses it can facilitate social interaction

Answer 19

GABA

Question 20

an excessive decrease in this neurotransmitter can result in convulsions and possibly death

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

agonists of this neurotransmitter are used to treat seizures and other disorders such as anxiety and insomnia

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

neurotransmitter that naturally converts into norepinephrine

Answer 22

Dopamine

Question 23

neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the pathology of both Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

Answer 23

Dopamine

Question 24

neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the control of motor movement and in motivational aspects of drug use

Answer 24

Dopamine

Question 25

neurotransmitter that naturally converts directly into epinephrine

Answer 25

Norepinephrine

Question 26

neurotransmitter that is also known as noradrenaline

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

dysfunction of this neurotransmitter system is associated with attention-deficit disorder

Answer 27

Norepinephrine

Question 28

neurotransmitter that plays an important role in maintaining vigilance and arousal

Answer 28

Norepinephrine

Question 29

neurotransmitter that is naturally converted directly from norepinephrine

Answer 29

Epinephrine

Question 30

neurotransmitter that is also known as adrenaline

Answer 30

Epinephrine

Question 31

neurotransmitter that is used by the autonomic nervous system to produce a series of changes in the body called the 'fight-or-flight response', such as increased heart rate

Answer 31

Epinephrine

Question 32

neurotransmitter is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT

Answer 32

Serotonin

Question 33

neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the sleep-wake cycle and mood

Answer 33

Serotonin

Question 34

neurotransmitter receptor that antidepressants (such as tricyclics and SSRIs) act primarily as agonists of in the brain to produce antidepressant effects

Answer 34

Serotonin

Question 35

neurotransmitter that is released from cholinergic neurons

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles when naturally released at neuromuscular junctions

Answer 36

Acetylcholine

Question 37

neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Answer 37

Acetylcholine

Question 38

neurotransmitter that plays an important role in REM sleep, cortical activation, and learning/memory

Answer 38

Acetylcholine

Question 39

dysfunction of this neurotransmitter system is associated with Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia characterized by severe deficits in learning and memory

Answer 39

Acetylcholine

Question 40

neurotransmitter that tobacco acts primarily as an agonist of in the brain to make people feel more alert and less hungry while under its influence

Answer 40

Acetylcholine

Question 41

neurotransmitter that is used by the autonomic nervous system to produce a series of changes in the body that could be called the 'rest-and-digest response', such as decreased heart rate

Answer 41

Acetylcholine

Question 42

neurotransmitter that is similar to the main psychoactive ingredient of marijuana

Answer 42

Endocannabinoid

Question 43

neurotransmitter that tends to have most of its effects on presynaptic neurons, inhibiting subsequent synaptic transmission

Answer 43

Endocannabinoid

Question 44

activation of this neurotransmitter's receptors causes sedation, stimulates appetite, and impairs concentration and memory

Answer 44

Endocannabinoid

Question 45

agonists of this neurotransmitter, at usual social doses, produce a sense of well-being, hilarity, carefree relaxation, altered perception, increased hunger, and subtle changes in thought

Answer 45

Endocannabinoid

Question 46

agonists of this neurotransmitter, while producing pleasurable effects, have a low addiction potential and rarely produce obvious withdrawal symptoms

Answer 46

Endocannabinoid

Question 47

neurotransmitter that is similar to the main psychoactive ingredient of opium

Answer 47

Endogenous Opioid

Question 48

neurotransmitter that includes endorphins, the name of which is a contraction of 'endogenous morphine‘

Answer 48

Endogenous Opioid

Question 49

agonists of this neurotransmitter bind specifically to endorphin and enkephalin receptors in order to cause analgesia and feelings of euphoria

Answer 49

Endogenous Opioid

Question 50

agonists of this neurotransmitter produce withdrawal symptoms that include chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle pains

Answer 50

Endogenous Opioid

Question 51

agonists of this neurotransmitter produce withdrawal symptoms that include chills, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle pains

Answer 51

Endogenous Opioid

Question 52

type of drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

Answer 52

Agonist

Question 53

type of drug that increases the amount of a particular neurotransmitter, either by increasing its synthesis or by destroying its degrading enzymes

Answer 53

Agonist

Question 54

type of drug that increases the release of a particular neurotransmitter from terminal buttons

Answer 54

Agonist

Question 55

type of drug that binds to autoreceptors and blocks their inhibitory effect on a particular neurotransmitter's release

Answer 55

Agonist

Question 56

type of drug that binds to postsynaptic receptors and either activates them or increases the effect on them of a particular neurotransmitter

Answer 56

Agonist

Question 57

type of drug that blocks the deactivation of a particular neurotransmitter by blocking degradation or reuptake

Answer 57

Agonist

Question 58

type of drug that impedes the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

Answer 58

Antagonist

Question 59

type of drug that decreases the amount of a particular neurotransmitter, either by blocking its synthesis or by causing it to leak from vesicles and get destroyed by degrading enzymes

Answer 59

Antagonist

Question 60

type of drug that blocks the release of a particular neurotransmitter from terminal buttons

Answer 60

Antagonist

Question 61

type of drug that binds to autoreceptors and inhibits a particular neurotransmitter's release

Answer 61

Antagonist

Question 62

type of drug that binds to postsynaptic receptors and blocks the effect on them of a particular neurotransmitter

Answer 62

Antagonist