Memory

Question 1

• is the process in which experience changes the brain

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

the brains ability to store and access the learned effects of experiences

Answer 2

memory

Question 3

is the loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury

Answer 3

retrograde amnesia

Question 4

• is loss of memory for events or learned information occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury

Answer 4

anterograde amnesia

Question 5

type of memory that stores new information for brief periods of time while a person attends to it

Answer 5

short-term memory

Question 6

type of memory that is typically assessed with the digit span test

Answer 6

short-term memory

Question 7

• type of memory that stores new information once the person stops attending to it

Answer 7

long-term memory

Question 8

• type of memory that occurs when information about a new experience can still be recalled even after you have stopped thinking about it

Answer 8

long-term memory

Question 9

is the transfer of short-term memories into long-term memories

Answer 9

memory consolidation

Question 10

process that gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for, such as when concussions preferentially disrupt recent memories and leave more remote memories intact

Answer 10

memory consolidation

Question 11

process that is occurring when the storage of a memory is strengthened

Answer 11

memory consolidation

Question 12

process that, according to Hebb’s theory, involves the converting of neural activity to structural changes in the involved synapses

Answer 12

memory consolidation

Question 13

process that is disrupted by electroconvulsive shock when those memories that had not yet been converted to structural synaptic changes are erased from storage

Answer 13

memory consolidation

Question 14

type of memory that are conscious long-term memories

Answer 14

explicit memory

Question 15

type of anterograde memory that is selectively impaired in cases of medial temporal lobe amnesia

Answer 15

explicit memory

Question 16

type of anterograde memory that was selectively impaired in the case of patient H.M.

Answer 16

explicit memory

Question 17

type of memory that allows more flexible use of information

Answer 17

explicit memory

Question 18

type of memory which are memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious awareness

Answer 18

implicit memory

Question 19

type of anterograde memory that is selectively preserved in cases of medial temporal lobe amnesia

Answer 19

implicit memory

Question 20

type of anterograde memory that was selectively preserved in the case of patient H.M.

Answer 20

implicit memory

Question 21

type of memory that patient H.M. demonstrated was preserved based on his performance on mirror-drawing, rotary pursuit, incomplete-pictures, and conditioning tests

Answer 21

implicit memory

Question 22

type of memory that is typically assessed by repetition priming tests

Answer 22

implicit memory

Question 23

type of memory that does not allow knowledge to be used in a different way or in a different context from how it was learned

Answer 23

implicit memory

Question 24

type of implicit memory effect that is demonstrated if a subject is faster at completing a fragmented version of a previously shown word but does not recall having seen it

Answer 24

priming

Question 25

type of implicit memory effect that is demonstrated if a subject is faster at identifying a fragmented drawing of a previously shown picture but does not recall having seen it

Answer 25

priming

Question 26

type of explicit memory that is for general facts or information

Answer 26

semantic memory

Question 27

type of explicit memory that patients with medial temporal lobe amnesia have LESS difficulty with

Answer 27

semantic memory

Question 28

type of explicit memory that is preserved if you have difficulty remembering specific events from your life but your memory for general information is fine

Answer 28

semantic memory

Question 29

type of memory that allows you to remember details about a movie even though you can't remember having seen it before

Answer 29

semantic memory

Question 30

type of memory that allows you to remember factual knowledge but not skills or the actual experiences from which you learned this knowledge

Answer 30

semantic memory

Question 31

type of explicit memory that is for particular events in one's life

Answer 31

episodic memory

Question 32

type of explicit memory that patients with medial temporal lobe amnesia have particular difficulty with

Answer 32

episodic memory

Question 33

type of explicit memory that is impaired if you have difficulty remembering specific events from your life but your memory for general information is fine

Answer 33

episodic memory

Question 34

type of memory that is impaired if you can't remember attending your French lectures but can still use the French language you learned from it

Answer 34

episodic memory

Question 35

type of memory that is sometimes referred to as autobiographical memory and has been likened to traveling back in time mentally and experiencing one's past

Answer 35

episodic memory

Question 36

type of memory that allows you to remember experiences from your life but not the skills and factual knowledge you gained from them

Answer 36

episodic memory

Question 37

theory that states that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system

Answer 37

standard consolidation theory

Question 38

theory that explains temporally graded retrograde amnesia as being due to loss of the brain location that was temporarily storing those memories before they could be transferred

Answer 38

standard consolidation theory

Question 39

theory that states that memories are encoded in a distributed fashion throughout the hippocampus and other brain structures for as long as the memories exist

Answer 39

multiple-trace theory

Question 40

according to this theory retained memories become progressively more resistant to disruption by hippocampal damage because they form new connections to other memories

Answer 40

multiple-trace theory

Question 41

selective damage to this brain structure is responsible for transient global amnesia: a type of amnesia that produces severe anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories, and that typically lasts only between 4 to 6 hours

Answer 41

hippocampus

Question 42

brain structure that, based on the case of patient H.M., was theorized to play a special role in memory consolidation

Answer 42

hippocampus

Question 43

brain structure within the medial temporal lobe that plays only a minor role in object-recognition compared to the adjacent medial temporal cortex

Answer 43

hippocampus

Question 44

bilateral lesions of this brain structure invariably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for spatial location, such as the Morris water maze test and the radial arm maze test

Answer 44

hippocampus

Question 45

brain structure that contains neurons that respond only when a subject is in specific locations (known as place cells)

Answer 45

hippocampus

Question 46

area of the brain that is composed of the medial thalamus and the medial hypothalamus

Answer 46

medial diencephalon

Question 47

damage to this area of the brain is most associated with the memory deficits of Korsakoff patients, although diffuse damage to other brain regions that can also be seen in these patients makes it hard to identify which part is specifically responsible for the amnesia

Answer 47

medial diencephalon

Question 48

brain structure that plays an important role in storing memories of visual input

Answer 48

inferotemporal cortex

Question 49

the activity of this brain structure is associated with both the learning of relationships between visual images and the later retrieval of these visual memories

Answer 49

inferotemporal cortex

Question 50

brain structure that is thought to play a special role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences

Answer 50

amygdala

Question 51

rats with lesions to this brain structure, unlike intact rats, do not respond with fear to a neutral stimulus that has previously been followed by electric foot shock

Answer 51

amygdala

Question 52

patients with bilateral damage to this brain structure cannot acquire conditioned autonomic startle responses to various visual or auditory stimuli but have good explicit memory for the training

Answer 52

amygdala

Question 53

brain structure that does not appear to store memories but rather is involved in strengthening emotionally significant memories stored in other structures

Answer 53

amygdala

Question 54

brain structure that is largely responsible for making emotion-provoking events be remembered better than neutral events

Answer 54

amygdala

Question 55

patients with damage to this brain structure often display both anterograde and retrograde deficits in memory for the temporal order of events, even when they can remember the events themselves

Answer 55

prefrontal cortex

Question 56

patients with damage to this brain structure often display deficits in working memory: the ability to maintain relevant memories while a task is being completed

Answer 56

prefrontal cortex

Question 57

patients with damage to this brain structure often have difficulty performing tasks that involve a series of responses

Answer 57

prefrontal cortex

Question 58

brain structure that is thought to participate in the storage of implicit memories for sensorimotor tasks, such as Pavlovian conditioning of the eye-blink response to a tone

Answer 58

cerebellum

Question 59

brain structure that is thought to participate in the storage of implicit memories for sensorimotor tasks, and in particular in the storage of memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses

Answer 59

basal ganglia

Question 60

brain structure that stores the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials and is involved in the type of learning of known as habit formation

Answer 60

basal ganglia

Question 61

brain structure that, in addition to its role in sensorimotor memory, also plays a role in certain types of memory with no obvious motor component (such as improvements in solving a probabilistic discrimination problem) but that is not necessary for explicit memory

Answer 61

basal ganglia

Question 62

damage to this brain structure would prevent improvements in performance on a weather forecasting game (in which the task is to correctly predict the weather by learning the probability of different stimuli leading to sunshine) but would not prevent conscious memory for the training episodes

Answer 62

basal ganglia