Terms to know for Exam 1 Flashcards
Agnosia
inability to verbally identify objects via visual input.
Color agnosia
inability to remember and recognize specific colors for common objects in the environment.
Color anomia
inability to name the color of objects.
Metamorphopsia
visual distortion of objects, such as the physical properties of size and weight.
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize and identify familiar faces, caused by lesions of the right posterior hemisphere
Simultanognosia
inability to recognize and interpret a visual array as a whole, caused by lesions of the right right hemisphere
Figure-Ground Discrimination Dysfunction
- inability to perceive the foreground from the background in a visual array
Form-Constancy Dysfunction
inability to recognize/perceive various forms/shapes, and objects, regardless of their position, location or size.
Position in Space Dysfunction aka special relations
inability to orient a shape or object in relation to one’s self.
Stereopsis
inability to perceive depth in relation to the self or in relation to various objects in the environment.
Astereognosis
- inability to identify common objects and geometric shapes through tactile perception without the aid of vision.
Agraphestesia -
inability to recognize numbers, letters, or forms written on the skin.
Body Schema Perception Disorders aka autotopagnosia
when following CVA or TBI, a person’s sense of his or her body’s shape, position, and capacity is distorted.
Ideational Apraxia aka conceptual apraxia
inability to use real object appropriately.
Ideomotor Apraxia
inability to carry out a motor act on verbal command or imitation (but is able to perform the act correctly when asked to use the actual object).
Dressing Apraxia
inability to plan effective motor actions required during the complex perceptual task of dressing one’s upper and lower body.
Constructional Disorder
inability to organize or assemble parts into a whole, as in putting together block designs (3D) or drawings (2-dimensional).
Coordinated Movement Disorders
Lack of motor coordinated movement known as ataxia can occur with damage to the nervous system, most commonly cerebellar dysfunction
Vestibulocerebellum lesions
result in inability to coordinate eye and head movement, postural sway, and delayed equilibrium response, and postural tremors
Spinocerebellum lesions:
result in hypotonia, disruption of rhythmic walking, precision of voluntary movement
Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions:
results in disorders of the gait, loss of balance
Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions
: result in loss of motor control, perceptual and cognitive tasks, trouble with movement and timing
Hypotonicity
decreased muscle tone
Asthenia
generalized weakness
Sometimes seen in cerebellar lesions
Dysmetria:
: the under or over estimation of movement towards a target
Common in cerebellar disorders
Over or under shoot during movement is known as an intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesia:
: the inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, slow without rhythm or consistency
Gait Disturbances
related to dysfunction of the cerebellum
Gait becomes wide and staggering without typical arm swing
Crystalized intelligence:
: knowledge and skills accumulated over a lifetime
Fluid intelligence
ability to reason and make sense of abstract information
Frontal Lobe:
gest single area of the brain (1/3)
Highest level of cognitive processing, control of emotions, and behaviors
Personality, damage can change temperament and character of a person
Slow processing of information, lack of judgment, withdrawal, irritability, lack of inhibition and apathy
Right hemisphere syndrome
: inability to orient the body with external space and generate an appropriate motor response
Disorders of emotional adjustment
often follow a lesion to the R hemisphere
Primarily affect interpersonal relationships and socialization
Dysarthria
disturbance in articulation, disorder of speech
Speech
mechanical act of uttering words
Anarthria
the lack of the ability to produce speech, disorder of speech
Expressive aphasia:
Disorder of language, a deficit in speech production or language output accompanied by a deficit in communication
Alexia
: inability to read, typically caused by a lesion to the L occipital lobe and the corpus callosum
Agraphia:
: Inability to write, lesion anywhere in the cerebrum
Apraxia:
an acquired disorder of skilled purposeful movement that is not a result of paresis, akinesia, ataxia, sensory loss, or comprehension
Ideational Apraxia aka conceptual apraxia
inability to use real object appropriately.
Ex - client attempting to write with a spoon
Ideomotor Apraxia
inability to carry out a motor act on verbal command or imitation (but is able to perform the act correctly when asked to use the actual object).
Agnosia:
the inability to recognize objects, lesions of the sensory cortices
Hyperarousal:
restlessness, agitation, or delirium
Hypoarousal:
drowsiness to stupor/coma (coma unarousable/unresponsive, stupor takes vigorous stimulation to arouse)
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
damage to the cerebral cortex where the link to the brainstem is destroyed, mentation is absent even with random movements
Locked in syndrome
damage to the pons with no mental deficit but an inability to move anything but the eyes
Brain death:
destruction of both upper and lower parts of the reticular formation in the brain stem
Focused attention
respond to different stimuli, physical and mental components, good posture or body orientation
Sustained attention
vigilance. Attend for a long time, R hemisphere
Selective attention
activating and inhibiting responses selectively
Alternating attention
alternating between mental tasks
Divided attention
do several things at once
Orbital prefrontal region
attends to facial expressions; damage to this region: lacks the ability to read someone’s facial expressions; increased evidence of this happening in MS patients
Limbic system
controls human behavior; motivation
4 primary emotions
pain, anger, pleasure, fear
Amygdala
where emotional memories are formed
Extinction
learned fears that are decreased through repeated exposure to the stimulus.
Working memory:
the ability to hold information in short term storage while permitting other cognitive operations to take place
Declarative memory
retention of facts and events of prior experience; what you believe to be true or factual
Procedural memory
learning of skills and habits of how something is done
Recent memories
hippocampus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
Intellectual awareness
ability to understand at some level that a function is impaired - ability to verbally describe limitations in functioning
Emergent awareness
ability to recognize a problem only when it is happening
Anticipatory awareness
ability to anticipate that an impairment will occur as the result of a particular impairment and will likely cause a challenge
Orientation -
the ability to understand the self and the relationship of the self and the past and present environment
Attention
•Detect/React:
ability to detect and react to changes in the environment
Sustained attention
ability to consistently engage in an activity over time
Selective attention
Ability to attend to relevant stimuli while blocking out distracting stimuli
Shifting of attention
(alternating attention): ability to shift or alternate attention between tasks with different cognitive and motor requirements
Mental tracking (divided attention):
ability to simultaneously keep track of 2 or more stimuli during ongoing activity
Working memory aka short term memory
the temporary storage of information while one is working with it or attending to it
Declarative memory:
one aspect of long term memory, conscious memory of events, knowledge, or facts (long term)
Procedural memory:
ability to remember how to perform an activity or procedure without conscious awareness (long term)
Prospective memory:
ability to remember intentions or activities that will be required for the future
Short term memory
need to have sustained attention for at least 30 sec
Long term memory
a few weeks old to first memories of childhood
Broca’s Aphasia aka expressive aphasia
difficulty with speaking, writing, gesturing
Wernicke’s Aphasia aka receptive aphasia
difficulty with comprehension of speech/reading
Perseveration
Conceptual definition:
repeated movements or acts during functional performance, prefrontal = repetition of whole actions or action components, premotor = compulsive repetition of the same movement
Perseveration
Operational definition:
repeats movements or acts and cannot stop them once initiated,
Topographical Disorientation
Difficulty finding direction in space
Unilateral Body Neglect
•Conceptual Definition:
failure to report, respond, or orient to a unilateral stimulus presented to affected side, can be due to sensory processing or attention deficits, usually affects left side of body (right side brain damage)
Unilateral Body Neglect
Operational Definition
does not dress affected side, does not pull shirt down on affected side, does not correct errors on affected side
Unilateral Spatial Neglect
•Conceptual Definition:
inattention or neglect of visual stimuli to affected side, may occur with hemianopsia (unilateral visual neglect)
Unilateral Spatial Neglect
Operational Definition:
does not account for objects in visual field on affected side, may walk into walls/doorways/objects on affected side
Somatoagnosia
•Conceptual Definition:
Disorder of body scheme, diminished awareness of body structure and failure to recognize own body parts and their relationship to each other, difficulty relating own body to objects in external environment
Somatoagnosia
•Operational Definition
puts legs into arm holes, brushes mirror image of teeth, attempts to dress therapist’s arm
Anosagnosia
•Conceptual definition:
denial or lack of awareness of paretic extremity, lack of insight regarding paralysis, paralyzed extremity may be referred to as an object or perceived as out of proportion to the body
Anosagnosia
•Operational definition
Does not identify paralyzed body part as their own, may deny as a spate object or reject it “Somebody’s arm”
