Exam 1 content Flashcards
What’s described below (sensory disturbances or movement disorders)?
- Electrical input is carried to the CNS though afferent axons via the spinal cord
- Fibers synapse at the brainstem and cross to the contralateral (opposite) side of the brain•Brainstem receives input from specialized senses
- Nervous system has serval pain control pathways (some suppress, some facilitate pain)
- Disruption of the optic nerve can result in vision loss
Sensory Disturbances
What’s described below (sensory disturbances or movement disorders)?
- The parietal and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex identify targets in space, determining course of action
- The cortex determines strategies for movement
- The brainstem and spinal cord are responsible to execute the task
- Areas can be remapped if injury occurs as multiple pathways exist parallel to each other
Movement Disorders
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
(Vestibulocerebellum lesions/Spinocerebellum lesions/Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions/Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions)
result in inability to coordinate eye and head movement, postural sway, and delayed equilibrium response, and postural tremors
Vestibulocerebellum lesions
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
(Vestibulocerebellum lesions/Spinocerebellum lesions/Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions/Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions)
result in hypotonia, disruption of rhythmic walking, precision of voluntary movement
Spinocerebellum lesions
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
(Vestibulocerebellum lesions/Spinocerebellum lesions/Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions/Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions)
results in disorders of the gait, loss of balance,
Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
(Vestibulocerebellum lesions/Spinocerebellum lesions/Anterior lobe of the cerebellum lesions/Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions)
result in loss of motor control, perceptual and cognitive tasks, trouble with movement and timing
Cerebellum or posterior lobes lesions
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
decreased muscle tone
Can occur on the side of the lesion on bilateral of central damage
Seen primarily in proximal muscle groups, leads to uncoordinated movements
Hypotonicity
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
generalized weakness
Sometimes seen in cerebellar lesions
Asthenia
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
the under or over estimation of movement towards a target
What is an example of this?
Common in cerebellar disorders
Over or under shoot during movement is known as an intention tremor
Dysmetria
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
the inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, slow without rhythm or consistency
Dysdiadochokinesia
What coordinated movement disorder is described below?
related to dysfunction of the cerebellum.
Gait becomes wide and staggering without typical arm swing
Uneven step length, feet lifted higher than usual
Loss of adaption in change in terrain
Gait Disturbances
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
knowledge and skills accumulated over a lifetime
Crystalized intelligence
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
ability to reason and make sense of abstract information
Fluid intelligence
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
largest single area of the brain (1/3)
Highest level of cognitive processing, control of emotions, and behaviors
Personality, damage can change temperament and character of a person
Slow processing of information, lack of judgment, withdrawal, irritability, lack of inhibition and apathy
Frontal Lobe
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
inability to orient the body with external space and generate an appropriate motor response Hemineglect: does to respond to stimuli or the environment on the left side of the body Loss of the inability to draw 2 and 3 dimensional objects Spatial disorientation (lost in familiar areas)
Right hemisphere syndrome
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
often follow a lesion to the R hemisphere
Primarily affect interpersonal relationships and socialization
Disorders of emotional adjustment
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
disturbance in articulation, disorder of speech
Speech: mechanical act of uttering words
Dysarthria
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
the lack of the ability to produce speech, disorder of speech
Anarthria
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
Disorder of language, a deficit in speech production or language output accompanied by a deficit in communication
Expressive aphasia
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
inability to read, typically caused by a lesion to the L occipital lobe and the corpus callosum
Alexia
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
Inability to write, Lesion anywhere in the cerebrum
Agraphia
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
an acquired disorder of skilled purposeful movement that is not a result of paresis, akinesia, ataxia, sensory loss, or comprehension
Ideomotor apraxia:is a disorder traditionally characterized by deficits in properly performing tool-use pantomimes (e.g., pretending to use a hammer) and communicative gestures (e.g., waving goodbye). These deficits are typically identified with movements made to verbal command or imitation
Ideational apraxia:
is a neurological disorder which explains the loss of ability to conceptualize, plan, and execute the complex sequences of motor actions involved in the use of tools or otherwise interacting with objects in everyday life.
What Deficits in Higher Brain Function is described below?
the inability to recognize objects, lesions of the sensory cortices
Agnosia
What Consciousness: Arousal is describe below?
restlessness, agitation, or delirium
Hyperarousal
What Consciousness: Arousal is describe below?
drowsiness to stupor/coma (coma unarousable/unresponsive, stupor takes vigorous stimulation to arouse)
Hypoarousal
What Consciousness: Arousal is describe below?
damage to the cerebral cortex where the link to the brainstem is destroyed, mentation is absent even with random movements
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
What Consciousness: Arousal is describe below?
damage to the pons with no mental deficit but an inability to move anything but the eyes
Locked in syndrome
What Consciousness: Arousal is describe below?
destruction of both upper and lower parts of the reticular formation in the brain stem
Brain death
What’s Focused attention ?
respond to different stimuli, physical and mental components, good posture or body orientation
What’s Sustained attention?
vigilance. Attend for a long time, R hemisphere
What’s activating and inhibiting responses selectively?
Selective attention
What’s Alternating attention ?
alternating between mental tasks
What’s divided attention?
do several things at once
What region of the brain is described below?
Attends to facial expressions
Humans have more facial muscles than any other species and connection to the limbic lobe reflect emotion
Self-regulation learned in this region
Orbital prefrontal region
What region of the brain is described below?
(2 lobed medial structure) receives input from sensory receptors and relays info to the frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus
High arousal and distort senses (stress), moderate arousal facilitates transmission
Thalamus
What region of the brain is described below?
Motivation, intentional drive to act
Influences both automatic and somatic systems
Limbic syndromes involve primary emotions = what are they?
Limbic system is the area that controls human behavior
What region of the brain is described below?
Damage to the limbic system can cause in increase in rage and easy progression to violence
Amygdala
Recent/working memory =
temporary storage of information that is used in managing cognitive tasks, like learning, reasoning, and comprehension.
Recent memory: hippocampus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
Declarative memory =
facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or “declared”).
Procedural Memory =
part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills.
stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike
What Influences movement, complex movement patterns, inhibition of flexor reflexes
Reticular formation extends through the brain stem
Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction
Controls the unstriated tissue, the cardiac muscle, and the glandular tissue
Sympathetic pathway & Parasympathetic pathway
Integrates visceral, humoral, and environmental information to produce coordinated autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to external or internal stimuli
Homeostasis
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal functions
Automatic motor acts: swallowing, vomiting, and coughing
Factors affecting significance of symptoms?
Size of lesion
Location of lesion
Gradual vs. sudden onset
Age of person
Individual’s pre-morbid level of activity
Define Visual perception
the process of light on the retina transformed into images that can be compared to stored memories and other sensory input and knowledge to make a decision
Visual Screen
Environment:
1) Distance acuity: Snellen chart
2) Near acuity: near acuity chart or function task – What task?
3) Ocular mobility: follow penlight
4) Near point convergence: state when two are seen (pen light or pen)
5) Stereopsis: viewer-free random dot test
6) Accommodation: isolated letters and occlude (eye patch)
7) Saccades: alternate red and green 16 inches from face
8) Visual fields: Confrontation test
Visual perception hierarchy
Oculomotor control, visual fields, and visual acuity must be intact before moving one to higher levels: Attention – Scanning – Pattern recognition – Visual memory – Visuocognition – Adaptation through vision – = Accurate visual perception
Visual Assessment: Visual cognition =
the ability to manipulate and integrate visual input with other sensory information to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions.
Visual Assessment: Visual memory=
create and retain a picture of the object in the mind’s eye
Visual Assessment: Pattern recognition
distinguish the object from its’ surroundings.
Visual Assessment: Visual scanning =
using saccades to focus on an object of interest.
Visual Assessment: Visual attention =
automatic eye is drawn by movement/novelty and voluntary eye is draw with a purpose
Visual Assessment: Oculomotor
control enables eye movement (quick and accurate)
Visual Assessment: Visual fields
register visual scene, ensure nothing is left out
Visual Assessment: Visual acuity
ensures the visual information is accurate
Diplopia & Assessment:
Define Double Vision
and how is it resolved?
- Double Vision – occurs when eyes are not in alignment and the image falls on the fovea in one eye (caused by ocular muscle dysfunction) and on an etrafoveal location on the other eye, perceived two images
- Resolves with monocular vision (cover one eye) if neurological