Terms for exam 3 Flashcards
haustra
small pouches caused by sac formation, which gives the colons its segmented appearance
Taenia coli
are 3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smoot muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon
Crypts of Lieberkühn
secrete intestinal juice as they gradually migrate along the side of the crypt and the villus
Intestinal glands
a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small and large intestine
Pyloric sphincter
- a band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine.
- Plays a role in digestion, where it acts as a valve to control the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine
Cardiac sphincter
- a circular muscle located where the lower end of the esophagus joins the stomach.
- The muscle serves as a valve that contracts to prevent acid reflux & relaxes to allow food to pass
Sphincter of Oddi
muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices through ducts form the liver and pancreas into the first part of the small intestine
villi
- specialized for absorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path.
- Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream
brush boarder
site of terminal carbohydrate digestions in the intestinal lining
parts of colon
the ascending colon
transverse colon:
descending colon
sigmoid colon
3 salivary glands
parotid glands
sublingual gland
submandibular
Intraperitoneal (SALTD SPRSS)
stomach appendix liver transverse colon duodenum small intestines pancreas rectum spleen sigmoid colon
Retroperitoneal (SADPUCKER)
suprarenal glands aorta and IVC duodenum pancreas ureter colon kidneys esophagus rectum
Cholecystokinin
It causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from pancreas and gallbladder and acts as a hunger suppressant
gastrin
stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric mobility
GIP (glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide)
inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones and induces insulin secretion
Secretin
hormone released into the blood stream by the duodenum to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas
Cystic duct:
connects the top of the gallbladders neck to the common hepatic duct, then joins at the common bile duct, which meets pancreatic duct before it empties into the duodenum
Common bile duct
- formed where the common hepatic duct and cystic duct join.
- Role is to carry bile form the gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the small intestine
Rugae
refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ
Microvilli
cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, involved in absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion
Mucosa
- membrane that lines various cavities in the body and surrounds internal organs.
- Eyes, ears, inside of nose, inside of mouth, lip, anus, tongue
Submucosa
thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts, layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the mucosa
Plicae circularis
large valvular flaps projecting into lumen of the small intestine
Pepsin
enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, it is produces in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes
chief cells
cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin
parietal cells
secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
gastric pit
indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands
Greater Omentum
large apron like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from stomach, extends from the greater curvature of stomach
Lesser Omentum
double layer of peritoneum that extend from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
Function of large intestine
absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body
Acinar cells
produce digestive enzymes
Hepatocytes
tissue of liver, involved in protein synthesis
Kupffer cells
specialized macrophages located in liver
Trachea
provides air flow to and from the lungs
Terminal bronchioles
air passes through the nose of mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of lung
Respiratory bronchioles
to ensure that incoming air is supplied to each alveolus
Alveoli
gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Macrophages
its job it to locate microscopic foreign bodies and eat them
Clara cells (club cells)
are dome-shapedcellswith short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs
Surfactant
lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung
Herring-breuer reflex
reflex triggered to prevent over inflation of the lung
Respiratory control centers
located in the medulla and pons, they receive controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and control the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm
Carotid body
responds to stimulus and triggers action potential through afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Larynx
allows air to be directed into the respiratory organs for gas exchange and also is responsible for producing vocal sounds
Cricoid cartilage
provides attachments for the posterior & lateral cricothyroid muscle, ligaments, muscles, and cartilages
Arytenoid cartilage
allow vocal folds to be tensed, relaxed, or approximated
Glottis
several voicing sounds between vocal folds when they vibrate
Epiglottis
seals off the wind pipe during eating
Thyroid cartilage
forms the Adams apple, largest and uppermost of 9 cartilages within the larynx
Diaphragm
separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity and as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs
Partial pressure
rate of diffusion is determined by partial pressure
Carbonic anhydrase
aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid & bicarbonate ions
Chloride shift
occurs in the cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate and chloride across the membrane of red blood cells
Hemoglobin
transports oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues, then transports carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to the lungs
Pleura
two membranes that cover the lungs and line the chest cavity, purpose is to cushion the lungs during respiration
Cardiac notch:
lateral deflection of the anterior border of the left lung, accommodates the space taken up by the heart
Ciliated columnar
moves mucus and other substances via cilia and is found in the upper respiratory tract, the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and central part of the spinal cord
Squamous cells:
in mouth, lips, and cervix,
black lung disease
long term exposure to coal dust
brown lung disease
caused by exposure to cotton dust
phrenic nerve
originates in neck and passes down between lung and heart to reach diaphragm. Important for breathing, passes motor information to diaphragm and receives sensory info from it
