Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine Gland

Answer 1

• Chemical messengers are produced by cells and exported from those cells
• Products are placed into bloodstream to reach target organs

Question 2

Exocrine Gland

Answer 2

• Ducts deliver products directly to target location

- Characterized by lumen and cellular surfaces

Question 3

Hormone

Answer 3

A molecule released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages affecting cells in other parts of the organism

Question 4

Target Cell

Answer 4

• a cell that bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule
• or is the focus of contact by a virus, phagocyte, nerve fiber

Question 5

Thenervous system:

Answer 5

• can respond quickly to stimuli, through the use of action potentials and neurotransmitters.
• Responses tonervous system stimulation are typically quick but short lived.

Question 6

Theendocrine system:

Answer 6

• The endocrine system relies on hormones to elicit responses from target cells.
• These hormones are synthesized in specialized glands at a distance from their target, and travel through the bloodstream or inter-cellular fluid.
• this process takes significantly longer than that of the nervous system, as endocrine hormones must first be synthesized, transported to their target cell, and enter or signal the cell.
• However, although hormones act more slowly than a nervous impulse, their effects are typically longer lasting.

Question 7

Amino-acid based hormones

Answer 7

i. based hormones work through 2nd messengers (cyclic AMP and Calcium are a couple). These hormones bind to receptors on the target cell (do not diffuse into cell). This activates the 2nd messenger which triggers a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell.

Question 8

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

Answer 8

diffuse into target cells and “turn on genes”.

Question 9

3 major types of stimuli that control hormone release

Answer 9

Humoral Stimuli
Neural Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli

Question 10

Humoral

Answer 10

refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids, such as the ion concentration in the blood.

Question 11

Neural Stimuli

Answer 11

the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones

Question 12

Hormonal Stimuli

Answer 12

refers to the release ofa hormonein response to anotherhormone. A number of endocrine glands releasehormoneswhen stimulated byhormonesreleased by other endocrine glands.

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

is a section of the brain responsible for the production of many of the body’s essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs.

Question 14

Hypothalamus Functions

Answer 14

temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body.

Question 15

Pituitary Gland

Answer 15

• produces the following hormones and releases them into the bloodstream:
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone: which stimulates the adrenalglandstosecretesteroid hormones, principally cortisol.
• Growth hormone: which regulates growth, metabolism and body composition

Question 16

effector organs

Answer 16

• organ that can respond to a stimulus from a nerve.

- The part of a nerve that carries a stimulus to a muscle etc