Reproductive System Flashcards
Reproductive system functions
- Gamete: production, storage, nourishment, transport
- Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
Hormonal control of the testes
- The hypothalamus and pituitary glandcontrolhow much testosterone thetestesproduce and secrete.
- Luteinizinghormone(LH) stimulates testosterone
Mammary glands:
produces milk to feed young offspring.
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
Seminiferous tubules
- Contain spermatogonia
- Stem cells involved in spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
- ovum production—occurs monthly
- At birth, baby girl has about 2 million primary oocytes.
- By puberty, only about 400,000 are left
Ovarian Cycle
- Menstrual phase (Days 1-5):
- Proliferative phase (Days 6-14):
- Secretory phase (Days 15-28):
Menstrual Phase
- Menstruation due to shedding of stratum functionalis
- occurs because estrogen + progesterone levels are low
Proliferative Phase
- Endometrium increases in glands and blood vessels in response to increasing levels of estrogen (from developing follicles)
Secretory Phase
- Endometrium development continues/is maintained
Placenta
- formed from chorionic villi and uterine tissues
- secretes estrogen and progesterone
three parts of the male urethra
- Prostate Urethra: top by prostate gland
- Membranous Urethra: middle
- Spongy or Penile Urethra: in the middle of the penis
three regions of a sperm cell
The head
The mid piece
The tail
the head of sperm
- contains thenucleus.
- Thenucleusholds theDNAof the cell
- The head also containsenzymesthat help the sperm break through thecell membraneof an egg.
the mid piece of sperm
- packed with mitochondria.
- Mitochondria are organelles in the cells that produce energy.
- Sperm use the energy in the mid piece to move
the tail of the sperm
- moves like a propeller, around and around and pushes the sperm forward.
How many (generally) oocytes are expelled from a follicle each month?
Only about 400 oocytes ovulate
Where (in what structure) does fertilization of the ovum occur?
fertilization occursin the end of the fallopian close to the ovary
Where are the interstitial cells of Leydig located and what is their function?
found adjacent to theseminiferous tubulesin thetesticle. They producetestosteronein the presence ofluteinizing hormone(LH).
three glands that contribute to seminal fluid
theseminal vesicles
theprostate gland
thebulbourethral glands
seminal vesicle
holds the liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen
theprostate gland
secreteprostatefluid, one of the components of semen.
thebulbourethral glands
they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation
Phase 1: Excitement (male sexual response)
Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in an erection of the man’s penis
Phase 2: Plateau (male sexual response)
The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
Phase 3: Orgasm (male sexual response)
rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen
Mitosis:
- creates two daughter cells that have identical chromosomes to the parent cell
- the changes in the chromosomes are asexual.
Meiosis
- forms four daughter cells with varying degrees of the parent cell’s chromosomes.
- Meiosis produces gametes, such as sperm and eggs
Sex Chromosomes:
Autosomes andallosomes
Other chromosomes
autosomes
How many chromosomes int he body?
23 pairsof chromosomes, for a total of46
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
Targets sustentacular cells to promote spermatogenesis by releasing androgens
LH (leutinizing hormone)
- Binds to interstitial cells
- Causes secretion of testosterone and other androgens
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Controls release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins
