Respiratory System Flashcards
function of respiratory system
- Supply oxygen and rid body of carbon dioxide
- Use conducting passageways to reach areas of gas exchange, air is cleaned, humidified and warmed before reaching the alveoli
Sinuses tied to nasal cavity
- Termed paranasal sinuses
- Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
- Function: lighten the skull, warm moistened air, produce mucus that enters nasal cavity
Pharynx
- gateway to the larynx
- 3 different types: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
- posterior to nasal cavity
- Houses the pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx
- posterior and continuous with oral cavity
- Passageway for air and food
- Houses palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx
- posterior to epiglottis
- Extends to larynx
The larynx:
- Thyroid cartilage: Adams apple
- Cricoid cartilage: below thyroid cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage: anchors vocal cords
- Cuneiform and cornicualte cartilages
Epiglottis
spoon like structure covers glottis during swallowing
Vocal folds
- vocal cords formed by elastic ligaments
- They attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage and vibrate to make sounds
Glottis
- space between vocal chords
Trachea
- Supported by incomplete rings of cartilage
- conveying air to and from the lungs
- aka windpipe
Mucus (goblet cells)
are interspersed among the ciliated cells and also extend through the full thickness of the epithelium
Bronchial tubes
Respiratory bronchi end in or as the alveolar ducts (with smooth rings) that lead into the alveoli
terminal bronchi
Ciliated cells
Clara cells
Brush cells
Small granule cells
Ciliated cells
decrease in number along the length of the bronchiole
Clara cells
increase in number along the length of the bronchiole
Brush cells
columnar cells that bear microvilli
Alveoli
- Thin wall air sacs
- Site of gas exchange
- type 1 cells
- type 2 cells
Lungs:
o Base rest on diaphragm
o 3 lobes in right lung, 2 in left lung
breathing
- diaphragm contracts and bows downward
- internal intercostal’s lift ribs upward and sternum outward increasing the thoracic volume and thus decrease its pressure
neural control
medulla and pons—ventilation rate and depth
Herring Brewer reflex
stretch receptors respond to being over stretched and send inhibitory signals to medulla to exhale
Total lung capacity (TC)
all the air the lungs can hold
Vital capacity (VC)
the maximum volume of air that can be expelled at the normal rate of exhalation after maximum inspiration
Tidal volume (TV)
is the amount of air breathed in our out during normal respiration
Residual volume (RV)
is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in
Functional residual capacity (ERV+RV)
the amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breath out
Anatomical dead space
is the volume of the airways
Carbon dioxide
- Changes correlate with temperature changes
- Less atmosphere more cooling
- More in the atmosphere, less cooling
Too much CO2
Dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction
Adjusting the pH
- A persons breathing rate influences the level of CO2 in their blood
- Breathing that is too slow or shallow casues respiratory acidosis
- Breathing that is too rapid leads to hyperventilation, which can cause respiratory alkalosis blood becomes to basic
Regulation of ventilation is in…
the medulla
Asthma
constriction of the bronchioles
Pneumonia
caused by bacteria, virus or fungi and it is fluid buildup which reduces oxygen diffusion
