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2 Weeks > terms 11.1 > Flashcards

terms 11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

adenylate

A

aa+AMP
formed in the charging reaction of the
fisrt stage

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2
Q

tryptophanyl trna synthetase

A

aminoacyl trna synthetase aa here is trp

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3
Q

aminoacyl AMP,

A

adenylate aminoacid

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4
Q

shine dalrgarno

A

purine /ga rich sequence in mrna of prok

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5
Q

resolution in the holliday model

A

=cleabage
horizontal= non-cross over,patched recombination ,nick already cut
vertical= cross over , spluced recombination
nick unbroken strand

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6
Q

, SPO11

A

ntroduces the double strand breaks
in high number during the meiotic prophase

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7
Q

secondary
structures at DNA repeats

A

(replicative slippage

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8
Q

DARS

A

DUFY ANTIGEN RECEPTOR CHEMOKINES PR

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9
Q

SICKLE CELL AND MALARIABA

A

BALANCE SELECTION

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10
Q

G6PD AND MALARIA

A

RECENTLY + SELECTION

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11
Q

LACK OF DARS/DUFFY ANTIGEN / FY*O AND MALARIA

A

RECENTLY NEGATIVE

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12
Q

IF VS TF

A

IF = INITATION FACTOR =TRANSLATION
TF=TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR =TRRANSCRIPTION

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13
Q

FMET-TRNAIFMET

A

INITITATOR TRNA CARRYING FORMYL METHIONINE FOR STRATING THE TRANSLATION FROM THE P SITE

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14
Q

ELF4

A

CAP BINDING PR

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15
Q

AGGREGATE FACTORS IN INITITATION TRANS;LATION

A

ELF4A AND ELF4B-HELP THE SCANNING - PROVIDE THE HELICASE ACTIVITY

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16
Q

KOZAK SEQUENCE

A

CONSENSUS SEQUENCE FOR IDENTIFIACTION OF THE RIGHT AUG ! IN EUK 5 PRIME R NNAUGG….5 PRIME

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17
Q

recquirment 60s subunit

A

release of elf5b and hydrolyzation additional gtp

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18
Q

elf4

A

bind to capping site of the mrna
consist of elf4e , elf4g and elf4a

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19
Q

pABP

A

POLY A BINDING PR

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20
Q

AMINOACYLATED TRNA

A

AA+TRNA

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21
Q

SOURCES OF INFLAMMAGEING

A

1) endogenous self-derived debris that accumulate
during ageing à dead cells and damaged
organelles,
2) senescent cells and cells which harbour a
DNA damage and are capable of a “DNA damage
response” that secrete a variety of proinflammatory cytokines that alter the
microenvironment
3) persistent infections that accelerate
immunosenescence (CMV, EBV

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22
Q

REMODELLING THEORY OF AGING

A

adaptation of the body to continuous stimuli and stressors occurring over time

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23
Q

perturbations

A

آشفتگی ها

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24
Q

frailty

A

weakness and lack of health or strength:

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25
Q

MRP

A

(maximum reproduction potential

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26
Q

APOE

A

anp 4
related to atgoistic pleiropy
erly life : clear nfection more- eneregtic contraint - energy for gowth of child

later disrupts lipid metabolism
in neurons and astrocytes (brain
cells that support neurons) and
significantly reduces microglial
activity, whose primary function
is the removal of unwanted
entities, ranging from pathogens
to waste amyloid protein

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27
Q

if2 favor binding

A

fmet-trnaifmet

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28
Q

if3 favor binding

A

mrna

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29
Q

peptide bond in transalton happen between ….and ….

A

new aa and nascentchairn carboxyl group

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30
Q

EF-TU

A

ELONGATION FACTOR IN THE TRANSALTION PROMOTE THE AMINOCYL TRNA ON THE SITE OF RIBOSOME

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31
Q

DECODING CENTER

A

MINOR SUBUNIT 16S EXCLUSIVLEY

32
Q

EF-TS

A

RECYCLINF THE GDP TO GTP
THERORRE ACTIVATION OF THE EF-TU

33
Q

EF-G

A

GTP DEPENDENT
BIND TO A SITE
ACTIVATES THE TRANSLOCATION

34
Q

2 MOLECCULES OF MMICRY

A

EF-G AND EF-TU AND RF3

35
Q

CLASSSIFICATION OF THE RELEASE FACTORS

A

CLASS1 = RECOGNATION STOP CONODNS
RF1 AND RF2

CLAASS 2= STIMULATION OTHER RF-PROMOTE THE RELEASE -RECYCLE -RF3

36
Q

RF1 RECOGNISE

A

RELEASE FACTOR OFF TRANSLATION IN THE PRO UAA,UAG

37
Q

RF2

A

RELEASE FACTOR OF THE TRSNALATION
UAA , UGA

38
Q

GGQ MOTIF

A

onserved mechanism of translation termination,
CONSERVED IN ALL 3 RELEASE FACTORS

39
Q

👕 SIRTs⇧(sirtuins )

A

-enzyme
-features : in aging :repair damaged DNA,
genome stability⬆
modulate cellular responses to stress
⇓
maintenance of cellular and genomic integrity.

Age ↑ → efficiency of the SIRTS and its function ⬇ = contribute aging phenotype

_ factors influenced on the activity :caloric restriction→ increase the expression and activity of sirtuins→enhanced cellular repair mechanisms→slowing down the aging process.

40
Q

🦊FOXO⇧

A

-pr
- including FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6
-function : DNA repair, apoptosis (programmed cell death), cell cycle control, and oxidative stress response(activation of antioxidant defenses→repair mechanisms→cope with various stressors related to aging )

-increase the foxo ∝increase longevity.

-negative regulation = insulin and IGF

41
Q

AMPK

A

enzym
-when activate? deplete cellular energy levels, ex : no nutrient lots of energy expenditure

-function :
1- sensor of cellular energy status⇒ cellular energy homeostasis

2- during aging: AMPK activation→ enhance mitochondrial biogenesis(beacuse mit efficiency decreases sue aging) → improved cellular energy metabolism→ extended longevity /decrease the aging

3- autophagy stimulation → removal of damaged or dysfunctional cellular components → extended longevity /decrease the aging

*:Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular health, and its decline is associated with aging

42
Q

enzymes with hihger longevity

A

AMPK,FOXO,SIRTS

43
Q

IGF1 INSULINE

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
Similar structure to insulin
Peptide like hormone
-function : during childhood and adolescence growth and development,
development of bones, muscles, and other tissues
Negative control of the FOXO factors
-production : response to growth hormone stimulation→prduce in liver
-Elevated levels⇾ increased risk of certain age-related diseases, including cancer
⇒reducing the activity ∝extend lifespan

44
Q

Rapamycin

A
45
Q

ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION

A

tudy of how the natural environment affects the aging process

45
Q

🛵mTOR

A

Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin

46
Q

TEMPORAL DIMENSION

A

study of how the pace of aging changes over time.

47
Q

4E-BP

A

INHIBITOR OF THE EIF4E
IF IT GETS PHOPHOPHORYLATION BY GROWTH FACTOR IT INCREASE THE TRANSLATION

48
Q

BAR PHENOTYPE IN DROSOPHILA

A

X LINKED DUPLICATION

49
Q

DOUBLE BAR

A

THREE COPIES OF THE BAR DUPLICATION
DOSAGE AND POSITION

50
Q

CGH

A

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

51
Q

PARACENTRIC

A

TYPE OF INVERSION DOESNT INVOLVE THE CETROMERE

52
Q

PERICENTRIC

A

TYPE OF INVERSION INVOLVE THE THE CENTROMER

53
Q

DICENTRIC AND ACENTRIC

A

HAPPEN DURING THE INVERSION IN PARACENTRIC ONE OF THE CHROMATID HAS NO CENTROMER AND THE OTHER ONE 2 CENTROMERS

54
Q

RSULT OF PARACENTERIC HETEROZYGOTE CROSS OVER

A

NON RECOMBINANT JUST 2 OTHER WILL NOT BE VIABLE

55
Q

RSULT OF PERICENTERIC HETEROZYGOTE CROSS OVER

A

2 NON RECOMBINANT BUT VIALBE
2 NON VAIVBLE
NO DICENTRIC BRIDGE AND NO ACENTRIC

56
Q

Balancer chromosomes

A

contains multiple
inversions
They are used in genetic analysis

57
Q

TYPES OF TRNALSOCATION

A

RECIPROCAL AND NON RECIPROCAL

58
Q

ROBERTSONIAN

A

2 ACROCENTRIC PUT THEIR Q TOPHATER
DOWN SYNDROMM
REDUCE THE NUMBER

59
Q

SUMMERY OF THE INVERSION CROSS-OVER - PERICENTRIC

A

ALL NON RECOMBINANT
50 PERCENT VIABLE
1 INVERTED
1 NORMAL
BUT NON RECOMBIANTN 1!!!

60
Q

SUMMERY of the translocation in prophase 1 heterozygous- reciprocal

A

1- alternate produce all viable gamtest
20 adjucent 0
therfeore 50 percent only chnace vaibility
25 percent trnaslocated 25 percent normal

61
Q

pseudolinkage of genes

A

can be seen in the translocation

62
Q

tetravalent
structure

A

structure can be seen in the translocation reciprocl during the prohpahse

63
Q

semisterility

A

reciprocal heterozygote trnaslocation

64
Q

acrocentric
chromosome pairs

A

5 =
11,12,13,14,21,22

y crhomomse !

65
Q

bioclimate zone in the italy

A

north: supratemprate
mesotemprate
mediterranean

66
Q

…..appears to be
strongly shaped by climatic
factors

A

size and morphology

67
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

body weight/ mass vs environmental temperature relationship
T decreases/ colder= mass of body / weight increase

68
Q

Metabolic heat production

A

t strongly related to
body mass

69
Q
  • Allen’s rule:
A

_ ecological rule
_ body proportionality vs temperature relationship

70
Q

pituitary gland

A

هیپوفیز

71
Q

f low iodine intake

A

hypertrophy 200-300 million people are affected.adenomatous goiter.

72
Q

goitrogenic.

A

prevent the incorporation and uptake of iodinebrassicaceae

73
Q
  • Lake Kivu in Rwanda goitre
A

t 54% in the population

74
Q
A

2 Weeks (10 decks)

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