global review

Question 1

T3)

Answer 1

triodothyrosine

Question 1

T4)

Answer 1

Thyroxine

Question 2

goitrogenic.

Answer 2

brassicaceae

Question 3

bacterial strain can become resistant to several
types of antibiotic

Answer 3

. Multiple antimicrobial resistance

Question 4

Acquired antibiotic resistance can develop in …

Answer 4

2 types : 1- intrinsince resistance : nature o resistance of microrgasnim (always been like this )
2- acquired resistance:microorganism used to be sensitive but not anymore !
occurs through ‘natural selection
- Quickly happen due to quick reproduction rate (every 20 min)
- develop in two ways: 1- spontaneous random mutation
2-mobile genetic elements ➡transferred between bacteria ( from resistant not pathogen to pathogen) ➡acquisition’ of resistance genes
Such mobile genetic elements often contain gene clusters that may also contain multiple resistance factors, giving the recipient microorganism multiple resistance characteristics.
Horizontal gene transfer =assimilate DNA from other cells and integrate it into its own genetic backroun

Question 5

common pathogenic bacteria that are increasingly
resistant to one or more antibiotics.

Answer 5

Enterobacteria (such as Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are frequent in the human intestine)

Question 6

the fastest route for
resistant strains of bacteria to spread across national
borders

Answer 6

Tourism and food imports

Question 7

Geographical areas with relatively high DDE concentratio

Answer 7

e Eastern Europe, Central
America and Eastern Asia.

Question 8

where DDT is currently used for malaria control,

Answer 8

subSaharan Africa,

Question 9

DIOXIN

Answer 9

Dioxins are a group of persistent organic pollutants present in the agent orange
Agent Orange:
Every toxic
herbocide/ecocide
l defoliant

Question 10

dna methylation profile of individual in contaminated region = dnam non contaminated true / false

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Enables to make inferences about our species past
(i.e. genomes as records of evolution

Answer 11

genetic is inherites
history = evolutionary forces shaed it

Question 12

Macro-evolution

Answer 12

species evolution + geological time

Question 13

micro evolution

Answer 13

genetic diversity within pop + genetation
can be measured by
change allel frequicney within pop trhough time and space
population varitation leads to species

Question 14

Most of genetic variants in our genome are due to differences

Answer 14

between individuals in the same population

Question 15

demographic processes

Answer 15

migration

Question 16

become
pivotal to understand differences between populations

Answer 16

Interaction of humans with their environment

Question 17

Food Epitope Hypothesis

Answer 17

diverse diet/wide range of different foods→broader array of epitopes →more robust and adaptable immune response

Question 18

robustness and plasticity

Answer 18

Robustness refers to a phenotype’s resistance to change despite environmental or genetic perturbations, while plasticity indicates the ability of two individuals with the same genotype to respond differently to the environment during development.

Question 19

reaction norms

Answer 19

describe the RANGE of phenotypic expressions a single genotype can produce in response to varying environmental conditions. They illustrate the adaptability of organisms by showcasing the diverse traits a genotype can AND COMPELXITY.

genotype x environemtn interaction

understand the flexibility and
adaptability of organisms in response to
environmental changes

Question 20

**Genotype-phenotype (G-P) maps

Question 21

. External environments

Answer 21

emperature, humidity, availability of resource

Question 22

internal environments

Answer 22

conditions within the organism’s body.

Question 23

phenotype INTERPLAY

Answer 23

genes and the environment

Question 24

nternal phenotypes

Answer 24

s include cellular, tissue
level and physiological properties

environment+ postion of an indivifudal in the g space

Question 25

t external
phenotype

Answer 25

morphology

Question 26

PHENOTYPE can be measured

Answer 26

morphologically, physiologically or biochemically

Question 27

Homeostasis

Answer 27

Resilience is at the core of life and is interpreted as the harmonic
assemblage of the biochemical processes that are aimed at
maintaining the identity, integrity, and autonomy of individual
organisms against the perturbations induced by both internal and
external environments
ability of the
organisms to maintain a stable internal
environment despite diverse, disruptive
external enironmental influences
HOMEO = same
STASIS = standing
* Homeostasis is part of SURVIVAL
temporary adaptation/physiological changes

Question 28

HOMEO

Answer 28

same

Question 29

STASIS

Answer 29

standing

Question 30

Environmental stress i

Answer 30

s any
condition that disturbs the normal
functioning of the orga

Question 31

Type of human adaptation