Terminology

Question 1

Amount of time it takes to reduce number of microbes by a factor of 10

Answer 1

decimal reduction time

Question 2

Amount of time it takes to kill all cells at a given temperature

Answer 2

thermal death time

Question 3

Used to sterilized objects in healthcare, research using steam

Answer 3

autoclave

Question 4

Region of cell containing the chromosome

Answer 4

Nucleoid

Question 5

Genes

Answer 5

Segments of genetic material that encode functional protein or RNA

Question 6

Organism that can only live within the cells of another organism

Answer 6

Endosymbiont

Question 7

Core genome

Answer 7

Genes present in all members. Usually conserved genes important for biology

Question 8

All genes present in any member, includes rare genes

Answer 8

Pan genome

Question 9

Homologous genes arranged in the same order in genomes of closely related lineages

Answer 9

Synteny

Question 10

Large blocks of genes in a genome? Small?

Answer 10

Genomic island
Genomic islet

Question 11

Prophage

Answer 11

When bacteriophage integrates into bacterial genome and become part of the genome

Question 12

Genes carried by prophage, provides host with useful new genes

Answer 12

Cargo gene

Question 13

Circular DNA molecules replicated in the cytoplasm, encode non-essential accessory genes

Answer 13

Plasmids

Question 14

Specific position on the chromosome

Answer 14

Genomic locus

Question 15

Mutations to a single base pair within a protein coding sequence

Answer 15

Point mutations
- silent
- missense
- nonsense (stop codon)

Question 16

Acquiring new genetic material from the environment

Answer 16

Horizontal gene transfer
- transformation
- transduction
- conjugation

Question 17

DNA integrated into the chromosome through

Answer 17

recombination
transposition

Question 18

Multiple different morphologies for the same bacteria

Answer 18

Pleomorphic

Question 19

One shape observed in most pure cultures

Answer 19

Monomorphic

Question 20

Lipids in archaea

Answer 20

Isoprenoid

Question 21

Polymer similar to peptidoglycan, make up “cell wall” in archaea

Answer 21

Pseudomurein

Question 22

Hamus

Answer 22

Appendage that fixes archaea to a surface or other cells to mediate biofilm formation

Question 23

Form new bonds in the sugar backbone during cell wall growth in binary fission

Answer 23

Transglycosylases

Question 24

Form new peptide crosslinks during cell wall growth

Answer 24

Transpeptidases

Question 25

breaks glycolytic bonds for insertion of new monomers in the cell wall

Answer 25

Autolysins

Question 26

Live in high salt environments, may require high salt concentrations

Answer 26

Halophiles

Question 27

Organisms that do not require O2, but grow better with it

Answer 27

Facultative aerobes

Question 28

Organisms that excel in low O2 environments

Answer 28

Microaerophilic microbes

Question 29

Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of
microbes

Answer 29

Antimicrobial agent

Question 30

Amount of time it takes to reduce number of microbes by a factor of 10

Answer 30

Decimal reduction time

Question 31

Amount of time it takes to kill all cells at a given temperature

Answer 31

Thermal death time

Question 32

Symbiosis

Answer 32

A close, long-term interaction between different organisms.
In a symbiotic relationship, organisms can benefit, be harmed or be
unaffected. Often involves co-evolution.

Question 33

Two or more microbes living in a symbiotic relationship

Answer 33

Microbial consortium

Question 34

One organism waste is another’s food

Answer 34

Cross feeding

Question 35

Bacteria resistant to consumption by amoeba

Answer 35

Legionella pneumophila

Question 36

gel-like glycoprotein substance, serves a barrier function

Answer 36

mucin

Question 37

Primary fermenters that break down diverse CHO from food

Answer 37

Bacteriodetes

Question 38

convert fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, which can then be fed into CAC/respiration

Answer 38

beta oxidation

Question 39

if a better energy source (e.g. glucose) is around, enzymes to use other energy source inhibited/not expressed

Answer 39

Catabolite repression

Question 40

generate O2 as a biproduct of photosynthesis

Answer 40

Oxygenic

Question 41

Complexes of proteins & pigments where electrons are excited and
transferred to the ETC

Answer 41

Photosynthetic reaction centers

Question 42

“light-harvesting complexes” of (bacterio)chlorophylls that capture light energy and transfer to reaction center

Answer 42

Antenna pigments

Question 43

Bacteria and archaea that can convert N2 to Nh3

Answer 43

Diazotrophs

Question 44

Enzyme that converts N2 to NH3

Answer 44

Nitrogenase

Question 45

Enzyme that converts H2 to H+

Answer 45

Hydrogenase

Question 46

Producing glucose (for carbon/energy storage or as a precursor for biosynthesis) done using

Answer 46

Gluconeogenesis

Question 47

Pathway that generates ribose-5-P from glucose-6-P. Ribose-5-P can then be used to make ribonucleotides.

Answer 47

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 48

Enzyme that converts ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis

Answer 48

Ribonucleotide reductase

Question 49

Breaks glycolytic bonds in CW during division for insertion of new monomers

Answer 49

Autolysins

Question 50

Bring peptidoglycan precursors across cytoplasmic membrane to remodel CW

Answer 50

Bactoprenol

Question 51

Two or more microbes living in a symbiotic relationship

Answer 51

Microbial consortium