Terminologies

Question 1

protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases through vaccination

Answer 1

Active immunization

Question 2

antibodies that are attached to the surface of the pathogens and which kill the bacteria by lysis

Answer 2

Complement fixing antibodies

Question 3

non-specific response that activates chemotaxis, or the process by which phagocytes are directed to the site of replication and engulf the invading organism

Answer 3

Natural immunity

Question 4

attached to the surface of microorganisms which block surface receptors

Answer 4

Neutralizing antibodies

Question 5

attached to the surface of microorganisms and render pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis

Answer 5

Opsonizing antibodies

Question 6

based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies. From B-lymphocytes

Answer 6

Humoral

Question 7

skin serves as the physical and chemical barrier to microorganisms. Other examples include the stricture at the urethral opening, flushing action of urination, thick mucus plug in cervical opening

Answer 7

Physical barrier

Question 8

nasal hairs keep out airborne particles; “cough-sneeze” reflex contributes to removal of potential infective agents; cilia move trapped mucus

Answer 8

Cleansing mechanism

Question 9

commonly found in healthy person

Answer 9

Antimicrobial substances

Question 10

Example of initial infection

Answer 10

Common cold

Question 11

presence of bacteria in the blood without active multiplication

Answer 11

Bacteremia

Question 12

active multiplication of invading bacteria in the blood

Answer 12

Septicemia

Question 13

mutations that affect a single base pair. One base is replaced by another

Answer 13

Substitution or point mutation

Question 14

refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa

Answer 14

Transversion substitution

Question 15

refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by a base of the same kind

Answer 15

Transition substitution

Question 16

result from an exposure to chemicals, UV rays, x-rays, or some other environmental agent

Answer 16

Induced mutation

Question 17

occur without any exposure to any environmental agent

Answer 17

Spontaneous mutation

Question 18

when the substitution results in a codon for a different amino acid.

Answer 18

Missense mutations

Question 19

occurs when the substitution results in the formation of a stop codon

Answer 19

Nonsense mutation

Question 20

only one nucleotide is inserted or deleted. They shift the reading frame of the codons

Answer 20

Frameshift mutation

Question 21

Association of two organisms living in close proximity

Answer 21

Symbiosis

Question 22

symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other

Answer 22

Mutualism

Question 23

one organism benefits at the expense of its host

Answer 23

Parasitism