Temperament Flashcards
1
Q
Temperament
A
- aspect of personality studied in infants
- describes individual differences in behavioural style
- certain aspects remain stable over many years
- infant’s negative emtionality (e.g fear) and reactions to new situations (inhibition or neophobia) are the two most stable temperaments
2
Q
New York Longitudinal study
A
- key study on childhood temperament
- conducted by Thomas and Chess
- 30 year study or 148 children
- parental interviews to ascertain temperamental dimensions
- behvaioural styles identified using 9 dimensions- easy, difficult, slow to warm up, ungrouped
3
Q
Easy behavioural style
A
- rhythmic patterns of needs, adapts well and active
- 40%
- Thomas and Chess
4
Q
Difficult behavioural style
A
- less predictable, uncomfortable with new experiences, negative mood, react intensely to stimuli, difficult to comfort
- 10%
- Thomas and Chess
5
Q
Slow to warm up children
A
- adapts poorly to change, less active and responds at low intensity
- 15%
- Thomas and Chess
6
Q
Keagan
A
- inhibition is an inborn trait
- behavioural inhibition is a precursor for later neurotic disorders including anxiety and depression
7
Q
Neophobia
A
- extreme form of inhibition
- child appears frozen and withdrawn in novel situations
8
Q
Goodness of fit
A
- Thomas and Chess
- decribes reciprocal relationship between a baby’s temperament and its social environment where a good match results in positive development later
- harmonious interaction between a mother and a child
9
Q
Good enough mother
A
- Winnicot
- mothers provide a holding environment
- a mother does not need to nbe perfect but she must provide good enough mothering
10
Q
EAS model
A
- Buss and Plomin
- 3 major dimensions
- Emotionality, Activity and Sociability in children
- EAS is a strong biological model that views temperament as inherited personality traits exhibited in early life
11
Q
Resilience
A
- -refers to ability of children to function well in the face of adversity
- Cummings, Davies and Campbell
- resilience is a positive psychological outcome in the face of adversity or a dynamic process of psychological functioning that reduces adverse outcomes in the face of adversity
12
Q
Masten and Coatsworth
A
-When children are faced with highly adverse situations, personal characteristics such as good intellectual functioning; appealing, socialble, easygoing disposition; self-efficacy, self-confidence, high self esteem; talents; and faith produce a positive psychological outcome despite adversity
13
Q
Family characteristics for resilience
A
- close relationship with a caring parent figure
- authoritative parenting (warmth, structure, high expecations), higher socioeconomic status and having extended family networks build for resilience
14
Q
Extra-familial factors that increase resilience
A
- bonds to supportive adults outside the family
- being attached to prosocial organisations
- attending efficient schools/institutions
