Parenting styles

Question 1

Maccoby and Martin

Answer 1

• 4 styles parenting
  1. authoritative/propagative
  2. authoritarian/totalitarian
  3. indulgent
  4. neglectful

Question 2

Authoritative parenting

Answer 2

parents are demanding but responsive

-propagative parenting and concerted cultivation

Question 3

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 3

restrictive and punishment heavy
follow rules without explanation
high demands and low responsiveness

Question 4

Indulgent parenting

Answer 4

low demand, high response. the parents are permissible and lenient with few behavioural expectations placed on the child

• parents try to be friends with child
• as adults. those with indulgent parents pay less attention to avoiding behaviours which cause aggression in others

Question 5

Neglectful parenting

Answer 5

-low demand
-low response
-these parents are detached and dismissive and not involved in the child’s life
also dismiss child’s emotions and opinions

Question 6

First borns

Answer 6

• get more parental time and have a higher IQ

- more achievement driven and are more authoritarian, conservative and conformist

Question 7

Middle borns

Answer 7

• receive least attention at home

- have strong peer relationships

Question 8

Last borns

Answer 8

-receive most attention, get ‘spoiled’; independent and rebellious

Question 9

Cambridge study of delinquent development

Answer 9

-most important childhood predictors (during age 8-10) of delinquency were antisocial child behaviour, impulsivity, low intelligence, low attainment, family criminality, poverty and poor parent child rearing behaviour

Question 10

Parental loss

Answer 10

• most children adapt well to parental divorce if financial support, reasonable contact with non-custodial parent and successful remarriage of single parent takes place
• if not then poor academic achievement, low self-esteem, 2-3 times more antisocial behaviour and higher rates of later life depression are seen

Question 11

Parental divorce

Answer 11

• 3-6 age group often assume responsibility for parental deparation
• 7-12 age group show decline in school performance
• adolescents are hurt and angry and spend time away from home
• recovery usually takes 3-5 years
• 1/3 have lasting psychological effects
• boys are more affected and more physically aggressive
• recent divorce predicts suicide in children
• 25% of step families dissolve in 2 years, 75% are harmonious

Question 12

Divorce

Answer 12

• children of divorced parents undergo divorce themselves twice more than children of undivorced parents
• divorce has more of an impact than death of a parent
• suicide rates for children of divorce are high
• 25% have adjustment problems

Question 13

Bereavement

Answer 13

• less of an effect than divorce

- causes increase in temper tantrums, depressive reaction and sleep disturbance

Question 14

Day care

Answer 14

• providing day care for more than 4 months at less than 1 year age for >20 hours a week can increase insecure attachment
• otherwise it does not affect development adversely

Question 15

Adoption

Answer 15

• research shows that the earlier the age of adoption, the better the outcome for the child as they form attachments better
• before 4-5 is best
• parental disclosure of adoption reduces later psychological trauma

Question 16

Institutional care

Answer 16

• Tizard and Hodges
• ex-institutional syndrome: young people relate better to adults than to peers and are less likely to have a special friend, less selective in choosing friends and turn to friends less for support

Question 17

Intrafamilial abuse

Answer 17

-sexual abuse perpetrated by a parent can result in anxiety related symptoms, sexualised behaviour of the child, borderline personality disorder, substance missuse, dissociation and depression