Cognitive Development Flashcards
Erikson’s stages
- not necessary for each stage to be resolved before progression
- based on crises and have ‘vs’ in them
- go from birth into lade adulthood
Basic trust vs basic mistrust
- birth-12-18 months
- Erikson’s stages
Autonomy vs shame
-18 months to 3 years
-autonomy refers to children gaining more control over activities and acquiring new skills
Erikson’s stages
Initiative vs guilt
- Erikson’s stages
- 3- 6 years
Industry vs inferiority
-6-12 years
Erikson’s stages
-we are capable of learning, creating etc and develop a sense of industry
-this is a very social stage of development and can lead to unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among peers
Identity vs role confusion
- adolescence
- Erikson’s stages
- occurs between ages of 12-18
- development is now dependent on what we do, not what is done to us
- teens have develop a sense of identity and independence but this can be confusing
Intimacy vs isolation
- young adulthood
- Erikson’s stages
- major task is to find a future partner
Generativity vs stagnation
- middle adulthood
- Erikson’s stages
- seeking satisfaction through productivity and family- generativity
Ego integrity vs despair
- late adulthood
- Erikson’s stages
- cherishes life’s accomplishments and pursues life long interests
Piaget’s model of cognitive development
- sensorimotor
- pre-operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
Schema
- Piaget
- basic building block or unit of intelligent behaviour
- consist of past experiences to understand future experiences
Adaption
Piaget
- process of fitting schemas to environmental information
- adaption can occur as either assimilation or accomodation
Assimilation
Piaget
-new information is incorporated into existing schemas without restructuring the schemas
Accomodation
Piaget
-the schemas are restructures to accommodate the newly learnt information
Equilibration
Piaget
-achieved when all information properly fits into schemas via either processes of adaption (assimilation or accommodation)
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget
- 0-2 years
- SPIRO
- Symbolic thought: language starts developing and thought starts to dominate actions
- Play is representational: mimics one object for another
- Imitation: remembers an act and replays it later
- Recognition of self: primitive recognition begins
- Object permanence: understands that if something disappears from vision then it has not ceased to exist- completed at 18 months
Preoperational stage
Piaget
- 2-7 years
- FAT PILES
- Functional attribution
- Artificialism
- Transductive reasoning
- Phenomalistic causality
- Imminent justice
- Lack of seriation, conservation and reversibility
- Egocentrism
- Semiotic function
- Syncretic thought
Concrete operational
Piaget
7-11 years
-conservation of liquid starts at 6 and is followed by conservation or length, count, weight and volume
-perspective taking starts to develop
Symbolic thought
Language starts developing and thought starts to dominate actions
Piaget
-Sensorimotor stage
Representational Play
Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
-mimics one object for another
e.g cup for a hat
Deferred Imitation
Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
remembers an act and replays it later
Recognition of self
Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
Primitive self recognition begins
Complete by the age of 2
Object permanence
Piaget
Sensorimotor stage
-understanding that an object that disappears from field of perception has not ceased to exist
-limited at 9-12 months- objects are searched for where they were last seen, not where they are hidden
-complete by 18 months
Functional attribution
Piaget
Preoperational stage
Objects are referred to by their function not their appearance
Artificialism
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
‘The sky is blue because someone painted it’
Inanimate objects are treated as living objects
Transductive reasoning
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
Cats have 4 legs and Dogs have 4 legs so they are the same ( Von Domarus law)
Telegraphic speech
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
no functional propositions noted but verbs and nouns are used
Phenomenalistic causality
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
causality is inferred if two events occur with some temporal association
e.g lightening comes with rain so lightening brings rain
Imminent justice
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
Moral development
Lack of seriation
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-ability to sort or categorise based on dimensional variation of items
Centration
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-only a single dimension can be focussed on one time
Conservation
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-ability to perceive that the quantity of something is unchanged if the material is put into a different shape or structure
Compensation
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-refers to the fact that magnification in one dimension and reduction in another can nullify each others effect
Reversibility
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-refers to ability of mentally calculating and understanding that what is done can be undone without loss of material
Egocentrism
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-restricted ability of viewing the world from a single point of view at this stage
-NOT SELF CENTERED!
Semiotic function
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
-uses ‘signifers’ which are symbols and signs that represent on stand in for something else and so have another meaning
-e.g in play
Syncretic thought
Piaget
Pre-operational stage
Links neighbouring objects and events on the basis of common instances e.g like with like
Formal operational stage
Piaget
11 years+
-1st order operations: manipulation of ideas and propositions
-2nd order operations: reasoning based on verbal argument construction
Hypothetical deductive reasoning develops in a proportion of children after the age of 12
